Essay on Race and Loyalty in Othello - 955 Words

Race and Loyalty in Othello nbsp; William Shakespeare`s Othello is a play set in Venice. The plot is based on a story about two people who love each other dearly and the problems and conflicts they face from the start. The conflicts are, for the most part, tied in with racial issues and questions of loyalty. These conflicts stem from the society around the couple, as well as from the couple themselves as they too are part of this society, but with very different backgrounds: The female protagonist is the daughter of a highly-respected Venetian senator: Brabantio. Othello--also known as the Moor--is a foreigner, black in color, has a past filled with tragic and exotic tales and has proved himself worthy of the title General in the†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Desdemona has actively sought to alienate herself from the other Venetians by marrying him. Othello, on the other hand, seems to be more than anxious to conform with Venetian ideals. By adding Moor rather t han a name or his position Brabantio emphasises Othello`s difference (=blackness). Brabantio dehumanises Othello, by taking away his name, his individuality and in so doing makes Othello acutely aware of his difference as well as well as making him believe that he is a barbarian. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; When he says if thou hast eyes to see what he may be saying is that in order to see what Brabantio sees i.e Desdemona`s marriage as a betrayal he must see the whole situation through Venetian spectacles, ot it could reflect Brabantio`s assumption that only if he is totally blinded by love he will fail to see what Desdemona really is. End-rhyme serves as a nice rounding off of the statement making it easy to remember.In III.iii200,209 Iago repeats the main ideas very effectively. My life upon her faith (I.iii.295) is Othello`s reassuring response the first time this suggestion is put to him. Or is it so reassuring? Does he mean his faith in her or her faith in him, or her Christian faith which in Venice also includes obeying her father? If the latter alternative is the case than his faith in her may notShow MoreRelated Race and Loyalty in Othello Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesRace and Loyalty in Othello    William Shakespeare`s Othello is centralized around the conflicts that are, for the most part, tied in with racial issues and questions of loyalty. These conflicts stem from the society that encompass the couple, as well as from the couple themselves.   Indeed the couple are entrenched in different social strata, class and ethnicity.   The female protagonist is the daughter of a highly-respected Venetian senator: Brabantio. Othello--also known as the Moor--is a foreignerRead MoreAnalysis of William Shakespeare ´s Othello737 Words   |  3 PagesThe Tragedy of Othello, a play by William Shakespeare, was written in the early 1600’s. 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Othello will not expunge himself from his race and ethnicity, for he knows glorifying his heritageRead MoreRacism In Othello Analysis829 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in Othello.† Shakespeare Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 3, Oct. 1993, p. 304. In this article, the author relates the idea of primal scene to racism in â€Å"Othello†. Primal scene is a psychoanalysis theory by Sigmund Freud. This theory claims once a child imagines or sees their parents having sexual relations they will be unable to repress this image from reappearing in their mind. The author relates this theory to the play â€Å"Othello† by mentioningRead MoreRacism In Othello Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesputs forward the argument that Elizabethan Englishmen saw the African Natives as being barbarous and treacherous. These views are present in Shakespeare’s Othello through the characters of Iago, Rodrigo and Brabantio. However, these opinions were not shared by most of the characters until tragedy strikes and darkness of jealousy consumes Othello. Shakespeare expresses the racial prejudice that is evident in his period through the characters of Iago, Roderigo and Brabantio. The play starts with IagoRead MoreA Summary of Shakespeares Othello Essay852 Words   |  4 Pageswith Othello – an older black man, an outsider to Venetian society. Turns out, this is a pretty intrepid move – Desdemona not only defies her fathers expectations (that she marry a white man of his choosing), she also thumbs her nose at a society that largely disapproves of interracial marriages. In this way, Desdemonas relationship with Othello speaks to the plays concerns with Sixteenth Century attitudes about sex, gender, and race. 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In Othello by William Shakespeare the theme of race is evident through out the play and is a very critical aspect towards the plot. Since Othello has a strong sense of self he is able to counter-balance the overt racism he is faced with in the beginning because he is respected and has high stature as a war general. Him and his wife lived happily without worrying what others thought of their bi-racial marriage. But, when Othello hears rumors of his wife’s possible

Comparing Fall of the House of Usher and The Cask of...

Compare Contrast Edgar Allan Poe Short Stories Introduction The Fall of the House of Usher and The Cask of Amontillado are two of Edgar Allan Poes most well-known and noteworthy stories. This paper compares and contrasts the two stories and provides and outline as well. The Fall of the House of Usher is based on terror just as The Cask of Amontillado (hereafter called Cask) is based on terror but there are many different components that Poe uses that contrast with the Cask, and they will be pointed out. According to Brett Zimmerman, writing in the peer-reviewed journal Mosaic (Winnipeg), explains that it is remarkable how many allegorical explanations have been expressed regarding The Fall of the House of Usher (hereafter referred to as Usher) (Zimmerman, 2010, p. 1). In Usher, the allegory is psychological, Zimmerman explains, and the scholar believes (along with many other scholars) that the actual house of Usher represents Rodericks psyche. In the story the narrator enters the house and he is then led through many dark and intricate passages while looking for Rodericks studio; but Zimmerman suggests that that tour through the house is actually an allegorical journey into the organs in the human skull. Poe clearly gives clues that allow the alert reader to detect the correspondence between Rodericks cranial features and his activities and temperament (Zimmerman, 2). In the functioning of Rodericks brain there are illogical andShow MoreRelated Edgar Allen Poe and Humor Essay1915 Words   |  8 PagesEdgar Allen Poe and Humor Edgar Allen Poe is most often recognized, and certainly most famous, for his poem â€Å"The Raven† as well as other decidedly dark and often gothic poems and stories, stories such as â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† â€Å"The Telltale Heart† â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† He also wrote many others mostly involving rather macabre, dark topics and characters as well as heavy themes such as insanity, madness, incest, murder and revenge. While this reputation is certainly well earned

Integrating Metrics Marketing Curriculum - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Integrating Metrics Marketing Curriculum? Answer: Introduction: Woolworths is the leading company involved in the Australian retail marketing. It provides basically every grocery items required by an individual under one roof. This includes fruits, vegetables, packaged products and meat (Woolworths.com.au, 2018). Moreover, it started selling products like stationary items, DVDs and magazines. Recently the company has diversified its product range by providing jewelry, bags, clothing, household items and accessories. In the recent times it has more than thousand stores in Australia, which includes maximum super marketing and various convenience stores. In the current scenario, the organization is marketing its product using through online and social media platform. Woolworths has recently generated a mobile app for the consumer to make their grocery purchases. It provides facilities like speedy billing services to make sure that the process is faster and provide maximum satisfaction to their customers. Moreover the marketing management techniques used by the organization helps in retaining its position in the competitive business market. Furthermore, its marketing technique using social media platform and digital communication helps in providing timely feedback from the customer. This helps the organization in constantly innovating and creating new marketing process. Marketing management in the business environment: Marketing is the most vital activity for a business as it affects both the sales and productivity for a business simultaneously (Hutchinson et al., 2015). The key element of the business marketing efforts is in creating maximum satisfaction to the consumer, which would benefit both the organization and the customer. Marketing is an important business function that is significant for all the industries whether it is profit or non-profit organization. Marketing is the organizational area that involves interacting with the public more often. As the customer believes that the organization is creative based and dynamic based on their advertizing message. At a much broader level, marketing generally offers crucial benefits to the community. This includes developing products for satisfying the needs of the consumers and enhancing the quality of life of the society. Woolworths sells a variety of products including clothing, food, vital products and home ware. They also facilitates financial services with Abas bank as the joint venture the financial plan provides the consumer with various services, Luke store cards, customer loans and the visa cards of Woolworths (McDonagh Prothero, 2014). Woolworths current potential target market includes the living standard measures and high income earners. The organization is planning to target its potential customer so that they could purchase clothes and foods. Woolworths is a leading organization in market grocery sales and serve more than 10 millions consumer per week. During the mid 1980s, Woolworths was regarded as the biggest retailers of food in the Australia. By the time 2001, it gained more than 38 % in the national grocery market. Therefore it has now become leader in the market grocery sales for serving millions of consumers per week. The marketing strategy of the organization focuses on quality, greater conveniences, lower prices and range is gaining strong consumer acceptance. The major focus remains on building sustainable business management by continuously improving the consumer services by offering rewards to the potential customers with quality, better value, lower prices, freshness, convenience and services (Rokka, Hietanen Brownlie, 2016). Strategic management process of Woolworths: Woolworths has initiated various vital marketing strategies by overcome the existing threats and living a long-lasting impact on the customers. The organization has been able to satisfy the demands and requirements of the customers by providing them product diversification, prices and quality. The major outstanding marketing strategies of Woolworths are the application of its e-commerce instrument through its website. The products displayed on the company websites major emphasis is given to its grocery items, which is the strength of Woolworths (Fischer, 2015). This aspect helps in gaining competitive advantage over its competitors like Aldi and Coles by ensuring its image related to The fresh food for people. Therefore, this helps in providing the customer with better understanding for the product. Woolworths main vision is to deliver its customer with right shopping experience every time. Moreover, the mission statement of the company states that they lead their consumers through efficiency and excellence, providing the deep knowledge for their services and products. The main strategic priority of the company is to create multi option retailing related to better quality services and products, low prices and in stores experience for meeting the requirements of the consumers (Chang, Yu Lu, 2015). Woolworths has proved to be the largest online retailer in New Zealand and Australia by reaching its set goal of AUD$1 millions sales in the online channel by the end of financial year 2104. The practices used by the Woolworths to achieve the strategic priorities include the following: Extend leadership in liquor and food: Re-establishing the market campaign for boosting business growth by adding values to the stakeholders so that they can expand the market shares in Australia. It also emphasizes using reinvigorating progress to the countrys retailing industry by becoming leader in facilitating in-store services, values and fresh product. Maintaining track record for building new growth: Woolworths operations aims to be the most worthy and trusted leaders in multi options retailing. It is supporting innovative and creative start for developing sustainable, unique and profitable improvements. Its approaches to new domestic areas and multinational market opportunities through social media are highly significant (Singh et al., 2017). Maximizing its shareholders value: Woolworths has accelerates the alignment with Big W offered to their new customers. . It improves the long-term relationship with the organizational stakeholders and further adding extra value by investing in businesses for them (Felix, Rauschnabel Hinsch, 2017). Moreover, changing the staffing policy to take advantages by using international and local best talents is crucial. SWOT analysis of Woolworths: Strong financial performances: Woolworths majority of businesses, like Safeway Supermarket, Dan Murphys and Big W have presented significant financial status in the past few years (Agnihotri et al., 2016). Woolworths has reached to 7.96% increase in revenue in the five years, which is generally high than the other competitors like Bi-Lo and Coles (Woolworths.com.au, 2018). Updating more facilities and opening more stores is the organization major strengths. Reputation and trusted brand name Woolworths has been ranked as the leading retailer in overall leadership and responding creatively to the needs of the customers. Moreover, by the end of 2012, the organization was voted as the leading sustainable retailer for in New Zealand and Australia in the term of range of products, business size, price and services. Better relationship with its suppliers: Woolworths has focus mainly on developing long-term relationship with their suppliers and producers. The organization is proud of its relationship with their suppliers. Its program Fresh Food Future was implemented for promoting sustainable agriculture by helping farmers and awarding about it via social media (McCabe, 2017). Weaknesses Significantly increasing debt The debt rate has risen considerably by the year 2012 as compared to its last five previous years which is increasing the possibility of organizations financial risks. Opportunities: Increasing online retailing: Since the last few years, the future of Woolworths has increased significantly due to advent of computerization. The advancement of latest technology, manufacturing innovations, supply chain and variations in the life style of the consumers has expanded the online retailing industry. The industry now is driven by internet development and digital commerce (Lamberton Stephen, 2016). Through its online shopping for its quality business all over New Zealand and Australia has significantly increased the profit of the Woolworths in the recent years. After downloading the available app of Woolworths in their phones, the consumer can easily get access to Big Ws shopping website. This further led to increase in 10% of transactions during its 2012 promotions (Armstrong, Delia Giardina, 2016). Threats The increasing competition among the countrys major retailer is the main threat to Woolworths. The organizations everyday low price strategy is now applied in a different way by its competitor Coles through its price rewind strategy. The other threats of Woolworths in the organizations market are unpredictability in Australian business environment. Marketing Strategy: Marketing strategy are the fundamental goals set by the organization for increasing it sales and achieving sustainable competitive advantages. The major competitor of Woolworths is Coles, as both the organization are the leading retail business in Australia dominating over 80% of the retail industry, which give rise to duopoly (Woolworths.com.au., 2018). Woolworths has initiated grocery discounts and pro option are generally done by celebrities for its premium label products to create a positive impact on it sales. Woolworths has set its values and strategies by the following ways: Marketing their products responsively and ultimately become a brand value driven business To be a customer focused business by improving their core offer by ensuring that the consumers put Woolworths at first (Wardle Chang, 2015). To improve availability and growth by meeting the customers need as well as Ensuring that the workers right are respected. To simplify the business model and ensuring efficiency of business through its lean retail model. The organization has initiated its new value and pricing strategy for increasing the sales. The online prices have been made aligned with the store pricing. Recently variety of click collect locations is installed by Woolworths to increase their customer convenience and also including drive-thru collection points. The companys online marketing strategy is positioning themselves as the proactive and aware leader in the retail industry (Devin Richards, 2016). The strategies techniques used by Woolworths lead generation through brand awareness and consideration leading to direct sales Marketing plan using digital communication: More than 85% population in the world are using internet for purchasing and almost half of the internet users are generally regular online shoppers purchasing goods online at least once in a month (Spiller Tuten, 2015). The decision making process of the consumers are greatly influenced by the fellow customers. As the recommendations and comments posted by them about the products or services greatly affects the fellow consumers and they review the products or services thoroughly before purchasing a product or services. In the recent times people are increasingly blocking or filtering the traditional marketing approach. Woolworths use digital communication techniques through its outbound and inbound marketing. Te outbound marketing of the organization includes prints ads, emails, telemarketing, trade shows and TV ads, which are generally resisted. Moreover, the inbound marketing strategies of the organization include social media, blogging, RS, viral videos and free trials. Previously the concept of word of mouth has now been replaced by word of mouse. The consumer engagement and participation through the digital communication helps in developing credibility and building reputation for Woolworths. The potential customer provides feedback enhancing the organizations brand name by conveying their opinions. It further helps in exhibiting capabilities, news and expertise to the society at large (Saeidi et al., 2015). Woolworths provide its real time conversation and news though the latest digital communication techniques. Recently the social program is strategically integrated into the companys marketing mix and the followers are able to learn about the brands and eventually becoming leads and the ultimate customer of the organization (Ngai, Tao Moon, 2015). Internet marking through online advertizing and selling is helping Woolw orths in unlocking the potential customers unaware of its latest products or services. Overlays and hotspots are the strategic placement of digital brand integration is used by blending Woolworths branded products into most viewed program through video pre-roll. Social media platform usage: The marketing communication done through social media and its users are significantly becoming important as nowadays, the marketers are becoming very proficient in it. Social media includes You Tube, Blogs, face book, Linked in, twitter and websites. The three spheres of social media are generally done through sharing, publishing and networking. The marketing plan used by Woolworths using the social media is effective for building anticipation and exclusive information. The mobile and internet application is providing new platform for advertizing and marketing. The media consumption usage is increasing day by day. The information or the marketing plan first catches the eye of the customer creating awareness. This is followed by reviewing the information about the products or services and raising consideration or favorability for the product. Finally this leads to the purchasing of the products online. Woolworths is using these marketing techniques since many years and thus raising it s loyal customers (Peloza Montford, 2015). Woolworths segments its market by creating a rich CRM database and updating it with their each and every customer contact. A target potential market is further created through e-mail marketing campaign to track about the behavior of its potential customers or the users. Woolworths develop their personalized web experience by providing multi-channel entry through phone and email. Moreover, the latest marketing plan using digital communication enables in capturing the sales details for the organization. Woolworths uses online video commercials that generally occur prior to a video online, which is typically of 30 seconds in length. The organization uses pre-roll advertizing techniques for marketing. The pre-roll strategic techniques guarantee that the consumer would see and hear the commercial before the actual streaming start for the video content. It is a simplest technique of utilizing the online media for promoting a product and services. Responsible marketing of Woolworths: Woolworths Ltd. believes in loyalty and maintaining trust for the customers as its cornerstones. The organization is continually initiating new strategies for building trust as well as rewards its customers. With more than 3500 locations and being an important part of the society, it serves the community by becoming a significant contributor to the communities across New Zealand and Australia. Woolworths believes in buying and selling its product responsibly by providing safe and quality products (Wu et al., 2015). They deliver choice and values for its consumers that mostly focus on their wellbeing and health. Woolworths is committed in upholding their human rights by respecting it employees as well as its supply chain. They believe in responsible buying by dealing fairly and acting reasonably with all their trading partners. Woolworths will create in the near future affordable healthcare eating index that will be based on the customers shopping habits. This strategy would help the customers by supporting them in making healthier food choices by providing knowledge, inspiration for the customers to get more affordable healthy foods easily (Carey, Parker Scrinis, 2017). The main aim of the organization is to invest in generating products that would help in improving the brand portfolio besides serving the potential customers and communities. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be conclude that efficient marketing management and digital communication techniques in the recent times can maximize the growth of the organization. Woolworths online shopping marketing strategy has increased its brand visibility at a global level. New and rising consumer behavior besides the growth of media has made the traditional marketing strategies ineffective. The future communication strategy involves media integration with the marketing management of the business. The organization believes in earning the consumers trust by enabling them in making decisions that would be beneficial for their own health and increasing organizations goodwill. Woolworths collaboratively engage with their stakeholders for the benefits of the society. It is the leading retail store online through its system excellence and creating sustainable sales momentum in the food industry. Furthermore, the organization has increase its customer in the recent years due to its low pricing str ategy and inspiring healthy choices to its customer and supporting the overall community by providing responsible services. References: Agnihotri, R., Dingus, R., Hu, M. Y., Krush, M. T. (2016). Social media: Influencing customer satisfaction in B2B sales.Industrial Marketing Management,53, 172-180. Armstrong, C. G., Delia, E. B., Giardina, M. D. (2016). Embracing the social in social media: An analysis of the social media marketing strategies of the Los Angeles Kings.Communication Sport,4(2), 145-165. Carey, R., Parker, C., Scrinis, G. (2017). Capturing the meaning of free range: The contest between producers, supermarkets and consumers for the higher welfare egg label in Australia.Journal of Rural Studies,54, 266-275. Chang, Y. T., Yu, H., Lu, H. P. (2015). Persuasive messages, popularity cohesion, and message diffusion in social media marketing.Journal of Business Research,68(4), 777-782. Devin, B., Richards, C. (2016). Food waste, power, and corporate social responsibility in the Australian food supply chain.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-12. Felix, R., Rauschnabel, P. A., Hinsch, C. (2017). Elements of strategic social media marketing: A holistic framework.Journal of Business Research,70, 118-126. Fischer, E. (2015). Towards more marketing research on gender inequality.Journal of Marketing Management,31(15-16), 1718-1722. Hutchinson, K., Donnell, L. V., Gilmore, A., Reid, A. (2015). Loyalty card adoption in SME retailers: the impact upon marketing management.European Journal of Marketing,49(3/4), 467-490. Lamberton, C., Stephen, A. T. (2016). A thematic exploration of digital, social media, and mobile marketing: research evolution from 2000 to 2015 and an agenda for future inquiry.Journal of Marketing,80(6), 146-172. McCabe, M. B. (2017). Social media marketing strategies for career advancement: An analysis of LinkedIn.Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences,29(1), 85. McDonagh, P., Prothero, A. (2014). Sustainability marketing research: Past, present and future.Journal of Marketing Management,30(11-12), 1186-1219. Ngai, E. W., Tao, S. S., Moon, K. K. (2015). Social media research: Theories, constructs, and conceptual frameworks.International Journal of Information Management,35(1), 33-44. Peloza, J., Ye, C., Montford, W. J. (2015). When companies do good, are their products good for you? How corporate social responsibility creates a health halo.Journal of Public Policy Marketing,34(1), 19-31. Rokka, J., Hietanen, J., Brownlie, D. (2016). Screening marketing: videography and the expanding horizons of filmic research.Journal of Marketing Management. Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., Saaeidi, S. A. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(2), 341-350. Singh, S., Sao, A., Nagare, T. B., Dharmarajan, A. (2017). Role of Social Media Marketing In Brand Building: The New Age Marketing Strategy.International Journal of Scientific Research, 5 (9). Spiller, L., Tuten, T. (2015). Integrating metrics across the marketing curriculum: The digital and social media opportunity.Journal of Marketing Education,37(2), 114-126. Wardle, J. L., Chang, S. (2015). Cross?promotional alcohol discounting in Australia's grocery sector: a barrier to initiatives to curb excessive alcohol consumption?.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,39(2), 124-128. Woolworths.com.au. (2018).{{metaController.metaData.title}}.Woolworths.com.au. Retrieved 21 January 2018, from https://www.woolworths.com.au/ Wu, J. H., Neal, B., Trevena, H., Crino, M., Stuart-Smith, W., Faulkner-Hogg, K., ... Dunford, E. (2015). Are gluten-free foods healthier than non-gluten-free foods? An evaluation of supermarket products in Australia.British Journal of Nutrition,114(3), 448-454.

Change and Continuity in China free essay sample

From a monarch to total communism, China’s society had a multitude of new ideas and policies they had to adapt to. From 618 to the late 1400s, China’s art and literature hardly changed at all. Landscape painting remained a common form of art from the Tang and Song dynasty to the Ming dynasty. In landscape painting, artists tried to capture the essence of nature. Both old and new styles were used as mountains, forests, and even city life, were painted. Some Chinese painters believed that they should â€Å"create a harmonious relationship between heaven and earth† when they are painting. Landscape painting was revived during the Ming dynasty, but it always played a role – big of small – in Chinese art. Along with landscape painting, making pottery was another skill that the Chinese had. Porcelain, hard pottery prized as the finest in the world, was a popular form of art that people continued making for numerous years. A variety of glazes were created for decoration and several other objects considered as â€Å"chinaware† were developed during the Tang and Song dynasties. These included tea services and porcelain figures ranging from foreigners to camels. Years later, in the Ming dynasty, porcelain was still being made. Blue and white porcelain emerged, and porcelain became a popular export to the west. The Ming vases were the most valuable of these exports, and westerners admired these delicate, beautiful pieces. Lastly, the Chinese also enjoyed writing poetry. Works based on philosophy, religion, and even history, were extremely popular to read and write. Confucian scholars were expected to master the skills of poetry since it was the most respected form of Chinese literature. Chinese writers often focused on a broad topic such as life or the universe. Poetry never faded throughout these years, and new forms of popular literature began to emerge in the Ming dynasty. Stories began to be told by specific pieces of literature, and classical poetry continued to play a part in Chinese literature for many years. While China culturally remained the same from the 600s to the late 1400s, the country hardly changed politically either. A monarchy completely dominated China’s government during these years. Under the Tang dynasty, the rulers constantly changed and new policies were thought of, but the overall government did not change. The Tang Code, the criminal or penal code, was established in 624. It synthesised Legalist and Confucian of law, and it has constantly been considered one of the greatest achievemnts of traditional Chinese law. This code became the basis of later codes in both China and other parts of Asia. During the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhanged began the draft of a new Confucian law code, the Daming Lu, which repeated various clauses that were found in the Tang Code years ago. Specific aspects in the Tang dynasty were revived during the Ming dynasty, resulting in a very slight amount of change for the lives of Chinese citizens for almost 800 years. Women’s status remained lower than that of men’s. After a young woman married, they would become a part of her husband’s family and was not allowed to keep her dowry. However, wives and mothers-in-law had the job of managing the servants and family finances. They played an important role in the family, although boys were always preferred more than girls at birth. Other than women, Chinese peasants kept the same status throughout the years. A multitude of the Chinese population were made up of peasants who worked the land and lived off of what they poduced. They managed their own affairs in their small villages. Peasants had a low status in society, but they had the oppurtunity to move up through education and government service. Their status would increase of they received education and passed the civil service examinations. After being a monarchy for several years, China’s new policies and new leaders changed China politically from the late 1800s to the 1900s. In the 1800s, the Qing dynasty began to decline, and the peasants began o gain power. Rebellions emerged. The Taiping Rebellion almost toppled the Qing dynasty while the Boxer Uprising eliminated foreigners across China. The monarchy-like government became a Chinese republic after Sun Yixian became president. Sun Yixian and his Guomindang established their own government in South China, which was taken over by Jiang Jieshi after Sun’s death. He slaughtered the Communist Party because he believed they were a threat to his power. However, Mao Zedong thought that Communism should be supported by large peasant groups instead of the smaller peasant groups. He sought to change from the original Confucians ideals, suppressing peasants. Contrasting from the original monarchy years ago, Mao Zedong set up a one-party totalitarian autocracy with the communists leading the entire thing, replacing traditional religions and Confucian beliefs. The government also simplified Chinese characters so it would be easier to read and write for illiterate people. With a new government comes a new constitution. Under China’s new constitution, woman gained equality, which they did not have in the 1800s. Instead of an extended family being the most common type of family, the idea of a nuclear gamily emerged. Women during this time period were all expected to work alongside with men and set up nurseries for children. From the early Golden Ages to the late 1900s, a variety of cultural and political continuity and changes occurred in China. The country remained the same, both culturally and politically, from the 600s to the 1800s. The series of cultural and political transformations shaped the lives of many Chinese citizens. Art and literature continued to be a significant aspect of Chinese lifestyle, and a monarchy was the active government until Mao Zedong took over. In the late 1800s, China experienced a great amount of political change, a monarch to communism, when a new leader completely transformed the original policies.

War Laws Essays - International Criminal Law, Valerian Trifa

War Laws The term "laws of war" refers to the rules governing the actual conduct of armed conflict. This idea that there actually exists rules that govern war is a difficult concept to understand. The simple act of war in and of itself seems to be in violation of an almost universal law prohibiting one human being from killing another. But during times of war murder of the enemy is allowed, which leads one to the question, "if murder is permissible then what possible "laws of war" could there be?" The answer to this question can be found in the Charter established at the International Military Tribunals at Nuremberg and Tokyo: Crimes against Humanity: namely, murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated. Leaders, organizers, instigators, and accomplices participating in the formulation or execution of a common plan or conspiracy to commit any of the foregoing crimes are responsible for all acts performed by any persons in execution of such plan.1 The above excerpt comes form the Charter of the Tribunal Article 6 section C, which makes it quite clear that in general the "laws of war" are there to protect innocent civilians before and during war. It seems to be a fair idea to have such rules governing armed conflictin order to protect the civilians in the general location of such aconflict. But, when the conflict is over, and if war crimes have been committed, how then are criminals of war brought to justice? The International Military Tribunals held after World War II in Nuremberg on 20 November 1945 and in Tokyo on 3 May 1946 are excellent examples of how such crimes of war are dealt with. (Roberts and Guelff 153-54) But, rather than elaborate on exact details of the Tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo a more important matter must be dealt with. What happens when alleged criminals of war are unable to be apprehended and justly tried? Are they forgotten about, or are they sought after such as other criminals are in order to serve justice? What happens if these alleged violators are found residing somewhere other than where their pursuers want to bring them to justice? How does one go about legally obtaining the custody of one such suspect? Some of the answers to these questions can be found in an analysis of how Israel went about obtaining the custody of individuals that it thought to be guilty of Nazi War Crimes. Not only will one find some of the answers to the previously stated questions, but also one will gain an understanding of one facet of international law and how it works. Two cases in specific will be dealt with here. First, the extradition of Adolf Eichmann from Argentina, and second, the extradition of John Demjanjuk from the United States of America. These cases demonstrate two very different ways that Israel went about obtaining the custody of these alleged criminals. The cases also expose the intricacy of International Law in matters of extradition. But, before we begin to examine each of these cases we must first establish Israel's right to judicial processing of alleged Nazi war criminals. To understand the complications involved in Israel placing suspected Nazi war criminals on trial, lets review the history of Israel's situation. During World War II the Nazis were persecuting Jews in their concentration camps. At this time the state of Israel did not exist. The ending of the war meant the ending of the persecution, and when the other countries discovered what the Nazis had done Military Tribunals quickly followed. Some of the accused war criminals were tried and sentenced, but others managed to escape judgement and thus became fugitives running from international law. Israel became a state, and thus, some of the Jews that survived the concentration camps moved to the state largely populated by people of Jewish ancestry. Israel felt a moral commitment because of its large Jewish population and set about searching for the fugitive Nazi war criminals. The situation just described is only a basic overview of what happened. The state of Israel views itself as the nation with the greatest moral jurisdiction for the trial of Nazi war criminals, and other states around the Globe agree with Israel's claim. (Lubet and Reed 1) Former Israeli Attorney General

Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) Essays

Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) Essays Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) Paper Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD) Paper Telecommunications Device for the Deaf (TDD)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   TDD is a â€Å"terminal device used widely by deaf people for text communication over telephone lines† (Computer Dictionary Online). According to the computer dictionary, the acronym TDD is sometimes expanded as Telecommunication Display Device but is generally considered to be derived from Telecommunications Device for the Deaf.† It was indicated that the deaf usually prefer the term â€Å"TTY† (short for teletypewriter) instead of â€Å"TDD† (Computer Dictionary Online).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A regular TDD device is about the size of a small laptop computer with a QWERTY keyboard and small screen that uses LEDs or an LCD screen to display typed text electronically (Computer dictionary Online). TDDs also have a small spool of paper on which text is printed. The text is transmitted live to a compatible device via a telephone line (wikipedia.org).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     According to the World Health Organization, â€Å"hearing impairment refers to complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears. The level of impairment can be mild, moderate, severe or profound.† People with hearing impairment has problems with communication. They have trouble understanding speeches and detecting danger. They dont have access to long distance communication without the aid of a special device. They also have problems with access to emergency services. To address this issue, the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) was implemented to provide people who have severe speech or hearing disabilities equal access to emergency services.   It allows direct access to 9-1-1 using TTYs, TDDs and computer modems (Brown).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The TDD allows the users to communicate by text messages that each party alternately sends via a keyboard (Brown). This makes it is a very useful tool for those with a hearing impairment. Jeryl Lynn Brown, an instructor and coordinator at the Specialized Sheriffs Center, pointed out four ways in which a TTY/TDD call may be received (Brown). They are as follows: a. Electronic tone. The caller may alert you that you are receiving a TTY/TDD call by pressing the space bar on their machine. This electronic tone identifies the TTY/TDD call. b. In most cases, a TTY/TDD call will be a silent call. All silent calls should be treated as potential TTY/TDD calls. c. Synthesized voice. May serve as an alert to the call taker that the call is coming from a TTY/TDD. d. A relay announcement may come in, which serves to notify the call taker that the call is from a TTY/TDD or computer modem. In addition to this, the TDD could be used to place calls to a Telecommunications Relay Service (TRS). The TRS â€Å"allows a TTY/TDD user and a traditional telephone user to communicate through the telephone network via a communication assistant who serves as a conduit to relay information between the parties† (Brown). It is not advisable for those who have hearing disabilities to use this service in the case of an emergency, due to the delay that may be caused in relaying the information (Brown).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   J.L. Brown pointed out some issues and risks regarding the use of this device. The first issue worth mentioning is that members of the speech and hard of hearing communities usually do not converse frequently with persons outside of their communities. As a result, several problems can occur when communicating with this special population. The second issue is that the user may not be very familiar with the TTY/TDD machine. This could lead to slow communications and to an increased distress level of the caller. The third issue is that the caller cannot be interrupted while they are transmitting. This would pose a problem if they are transmitting long and unnecesary messages. The fourth issue is based on the clarity of communication. The language of a person with a hearing impairment is not based on English syntax word order because English is only their second language. As a result, their sentences will not be grammatically correct. The last issue that needs to be addressed is that a telecommunicator should avoid using English idioms such as hold, stay on the line or passed out. This is because the hard of hearing and speech-impaired people may not be familiar with slang and expressions, and may end up taking it literally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before the invention of the TTY/TTD, there was no other device that provided the same type of service for the deaf and the hard of hearing. The use of instant long distance communication was a problem for them. The only popular options are amplifier devices such as amplifier handsets (for public phones), telephone handsets, and portable amplifiers that can be used to boost up the volume of telephones (Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center, 2001). References Brown, J.L. (N.D.). What is TTY and TDD? Retrieved December 26, 2007 from North    Carolina Justice Academy database (NCJA). Computer Dictionary Online. (2007). Telecommunications Device for the Deaf. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   December 26, 2007 from Computer-Dictionary-Online.org database. DiPietro, L., Williams, P., Kaplan, H. (2001). Alerting and Communicating Devices for Deaf and Hard of Hearing People- Whats Available Now. Retrieved December 26,    2007 from   Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center database. Wikipedia. (2007, December 22). Telecommunications Device for the Deaf. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   December 26, 2007 from Wikipedia.org database.

Take Our Responsibility in Groups Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Take Our Responsibility in Groups - Essay Example In most cases, when people are in a group they think and do things differently than as they would when they are alone. For instance, in cases where there is a dangerous incidence, it can be observed that most people particularly women will respond by running away in order to seek help. In so doing this, they might be at a risk of landing in problems but at the end they could be safe. However, if people are in a group and such a dangerous incident happens, it can be noted that most of them will respond by holding back. In the essay, Carol Tavris noted that such response is not because â€Å"people are lazy, cowardly or have 50 other personality deficiencies; it has more to do with the nature of groups than the nature of individuals.† In relation to this, there are several examples given in the essay to illustrate and justify such a response and show what people did in reality. In one experiment, the experiment settings was set in such a way that students sat in a room, either alone or in groups. They were then exposed to an emergence incidence that included a smoke. Later, the student’s response was monitored. In this case, it was observed that Students, who were alone responded first by hesitating for a minute, then later got up, and checked where the smoke was coming from. Afterwards, they responded by reporting the incidence/emergency to the authority. On the other hand, the students who were sitting in groups never made any move. They were seen to sit for about six minutes in the smoke until the level where they could barely see properly. They responded by rubbing their eyes as well as coughing. Basing on this given example in the essay, it can be noted that when people are in a group and an emergence happens or a dangerous incident which is risky to their lives. They will respond by taking no action at that point in time. This could be because they might assume that nothing should be done since the situation has

The Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Middle Ages - Essay Example The medieval age was characterized by ignorance. During this age, people were not concerned to know the truth about their surroundings. Religion was a central aspect of people’s lives; people obeyed and believed everything that was taught by religion without caring about the come. This is evident from the relationship that existed between the religion and the society. During the medieval period, Christianity was the main religion in Europe. Christianity remained critical to the people and everything reflected the teachings of Christianity. Works of literature written during this era were classified as secular or Christian literature. It is obvious that secular literature was not celebrated as Christian literature was. This is because people did not appreciate change in the society or change from the known to unknown. The ignorance period that characterized the medieval age resulted from people’s lack of appreciation for change. The medieval age was also characterized by major calamities such as Black Death, famine and civil wars. The Black Death is considered as the worst calamity that affected Europe during the middle ages. Although the Black Death affected Europe during the upper middle age, its effects continued to be experienced even in the early modern age. This calamity is believed to have caused the deaths of nearly one third of the European population. The great famine of the middle ages and the civil wars also caused numerous deaths. The conservative nature of the people or their lack of accepting changes was responsible for the calamities that affected people during the middle ages. For instance, the great famine never resulted from bad weather condition, but due to lack of crop rotation and adopting the cultivation of new crop. In addition, the conflicts that led to the civil wars resulted from the need of the people to deviate from the known ways of life or governance. Anyone who tried to introd uce change was considered as the enemy of the people. These facts are well captured in medieval literature. During this time, books or any other literature material reflected what was already known by the society. Introduction of new ideas or knowledge was greatly opposed by the people. This explains why the middle ages experienced minimal advancement in literature. The classification of literature between secular and Christian literature also explains lack of development in middle age literature. The preference of Christian literature among the people of the Middle Ages also indicates that artists had few things to write about. This is because artists could only write finite things about Christianity as compared to the secular literature. People’s lack to appreciate change is the main factor that caused low intellectual developments during the middle ages. Although religious leaders and scholars knew the truth about nature, they kept the knowledge to themselves due to the fe ar of victimization. Most of this knowledge was in the fields of science and astronomy. Although science and astronomy were significant bodies of knowledge during the middle ages, they were dependent on philosophy and religion. This is a contradiction since both science and astronomy depends on facts and logical analysis. For example during the middle ages, the earth was considered flat. However, scholars and some religious leaders knew

Royal Dutch Shells Innovation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Royal Dutch Shells Innovation - Assignment Example There are a lot of financial bearings which must be met by the innovative firm. The process of innovating a firm involves proper analysis of the market (especially in a perfectly competitive industry) which covers from products/services to management strategies. Shell being one of the firms which operates in an open economy is not left behind in adopting new technologies and innovations in exploration, production, and marketing of oil and gas products globally. As noted by Hamel & Skarzynski (2012, p.14), the future of an organization in this stiffly competitive world is bestowed on the ability of the firm to effectively and flexible use technology which stands the potential of enhancing its innovativeness. Royal Dutch Shell has been a pace setter in production and management innovation. Through its technological innovations and flexibility, Royal Dutch Shell has revolutionized the Energy sector for decades. However, like other firms in the industry, the innovation structure adopted by the Royal Shell has certain drawbacks and strengths. The innovation management structure of the Royal Dutch Shell builds on its strengths as a key tool to satisfy its customers and the well being of the employees. The success of the innovation initiated at Shell is believed to be supported by the senior management team. Unlike other organizations (which are rigid to change), every at Shell (from top to bottom) are opposed to old school production and management technologies especially in this competitive economic era. Therefore, the management leads the path towards eliminating technological hurdles which stands on their way to success and market dominance. The level of openness to new ideas, concepts, and technologies is evidenced by the degree at which the management is ready to take the risks of investing in modern technologies both in service delivery and production units. For instance, the scenario planning strategy which has been used by the company over the last forty year s has been successful in solving energy crisis. With the uncertainty facing the future of petroleum and oil products, orchestration of probable uncertain scenario rests on how well the management is open to innovation and technological changes both in operations and service delivery. Besides, Shell uses more environmental friendly solutions such as blueprints. Blueprints advocates for electronic engines in the transportation process as a way of reducing pollution. The success of Shell is also explained by its innovational culture which promotes change and technological advancements. Little cultural residence to change technology at Shell has been essential in helping the company to remain competitive and reputable in the oil industry. The company welcomes ideas and concepts from all its staff and goes ahead to reward the employees for their innovative efforts. A perfect example of cultural innovation at Shell is game changer program and social audit (Hamel & Skarzynski, 2012, p.12). Shell has been undertaking a number of management restructuring and product quality to remain competitively relevant in the global energy market .However, its efforts are being marred by some potential gaps that needs further consideration for it to achieve its goals of greater global market share. The basic asset of any firm is the effort of human capital which equally depends on the mode of co-operating and interaction. This company has invested averagely high in technology to improve the quality of its products at a lower value creation cost. On the other side of the coin, this company has given the interest of its staff the least attention

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries The Stigma of Mental Illness in Developing Countries Seeking treatment for mental illness can be a daunting task. Even in the United States, where medical care is relatively easy to obtain, there is a stigma surrounding mental illness. In my own experience of living in a small, close-knit community, I found it nearly terrifying to talk to my primary care physician about the anxiety and depression I was experiencing. In my town, parking my car at the counseling center was like admitting that I couldnt take care of myself. The common perception in the community was that people need to suck it up and not rely on doctors or therapists to get through life. With this clear and prevalent stigma against mental illness and treatment, it took me years to finally get the help that I needed. This issue of stigma was still on my mind when I started looking for a topic for this research project. I was curious about how non-Western and developing countries viewed the issue and what was being done to help lessen the stigma of mental illness worldwide. What is Stigma? In order to take a close look at mental health stigma in cultures around the world, we first need to understand exactly what is meant by stigma. The dictionary definition of stigma is a mark of disgrace or infamy; a stain or reproach, as on ones reputation (Dictionary.com). This is a good place to start, but it does not accurately define the measurable aspects of stigma, which is necessary for researchers to be able to study it. Link et al. (2004) discuss several theoretical perspectives for stigmatization in general and the stigma of mental illness in particular. Most useful for the purposes of this paper is the framework laid out by Link and Phelen (2001) and discussed and elaborated upon by Link et al. (2004) that suggests several interrelated categories: labeling, stereotyping, separating, emotional reactions, status loss, and stigmas dependence on power structure. Labeling is a natural way that humans categorize differences, and many labels (shoe size, favorite foods) are not so cially salient. Other labels, such as sexual preference or nationality, are much more relevant. Both the selection of salient characteristics and the creation of labels for them are social achievements that need to be understood as essential components of stigma (Link et al. 2004). In the stereotyping component, the researchers suggest that the labeled differences are linked to negative assumptions about the labeled person or others with similar characteristics. The next aspect of the stigma process is separating, which is the us versus them mindset. Link et al. (2004) suggest that one place the initial conceptual framework about stigma is lacking is in the underrepresentation of emotional reactions: We believe that this underrepresentation needs to be corrected, because emotional responses are critical to understanding the behavior of both stigmatizers and people who are recipients of stigmatizing reactions. Status loss and discrimination can be overt, like refusing employment to s omeone with a mental illness, but it can also be much more insidious and pervasive. Link et al. (2004) gives the example that considerably less funding exists for schizophrenia research and facilities for schizophrenia treatment are often located in less desirable locations. The final aspect of the stigma framework is its dependence on power structures Link et al. (2004) state that this aspect is very important because without social, cultural, economic and political power the concept of stigma would be much less useful. Now that we understand at least one way in which stigma can be defined, we must next go about looking at the ways stigma is measured. Link et al.(2004) state that there is a considerable lack of study of mental illness stigma in the developing world they reviewed a large number of studied conducted worldwide, and found only a few in Asia and Africa, though the researchers did clarify that this might have been because their review was restricted to English language journals. This paper will focus on a few key studies, but it is certain that more study in this area is needed to get an in-depth look at differences between cultures and the relative stigma of mental illness. Some studies focus on the stigma of the general population towards those with mental illness, while others focus on the opinions of people who suffer from mental illness. One survey I found to be particularly interesting and useful is the World Mental Health Survey, in which subjects with mental health issues were asked about their perceived stigma (Alonso et al. 2008). For this survey, stigma was considered to be present if respondents reported both embarrassment and perceived discrimination related to illness. Among people with significant activity limitations (i.e., at least moderate difficulty with cognition, mobility, self-care, or social), the perceived stigma rate was highest in the Ukraine, with 32.1% of respondents reporting stigma. The lowest rate was 3.2% in Germany. The average rate of perceived stigma in developing countries was 22.1%, compared to 11.7% in developed countries (Alonso et al. 2008, Table 1). The researchers finding was that perceived stigma associated with mental disorders is universal, but considerably more frequent in developing countries; however, the implications of this finding were not discussed, though they suggest it may be of interest to investigate social, cultural and health service characteristics that differentiate countries in which patients feel less excluded from countries in which patients are more likely to report perceived stigma (Alonso et al. 2008:312). The researchers also found that perceived stigma is strongly associated with common mental disorders, particularly with comorbid mood and anxiety (Alonso et al. 2008:306). The implications of this survey are twofold: first, developing and developed countries have different ways of associating stigma with mental illness, although the reasons for this are not clear. Second, people with mental illness are much more likely to perceive stigma relating to illness than, for example, people with chronic physical ailments. Most interesting to me is the fact that the statis tics from Alonso et al.s (2004) study shows that developing countries have nearly double the rate of perceived stigma as developed countries. Studies of Stigma in Developing Countries Lauber and Rossler (2006) conducted a review of literature that summarizes results of research on the stigma of mental illness in developing Asian countries. They state that this research is very important because The stigma of mental illness and discrimination against mental patients are believed to be a significant obstacle to development of mental health care and to ensuring quality of life of those suffering from mental illness (Lauber and Rossler 2006: 158). They provide a clear discussion of how they defined developing and developed countries: A developing country is a country with a low-income average, a relatively undeveloped infrastructure and a poor human development index when compared to the global normDevelopment entails developing a modern infrastructure (both physical and institutional), and a move away from low value added sectors such as agriculture and natural resource extraction. Developed countries usually have economic systems based on continuous, self-sustaining economic growth (Lauber and Rossler 2006:160). This definition helps clarify some of the general differences between developing and developed countries. Lauber and Rosslers (2006) review of literature found that people in developing countries in Asia are generally afraid of those with mental illness. They also found that many studies reported respondents who felt that mental illness symptoms were a normal reaction to stress; this finding suggests that awareness of mental illness and the need for medical intervention is lacking in these cultures. However, the results of these studies are similar to the results in Western countries (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Another finding of this study was in regards to help-seeking behaviors: it is much more likely for those seeking help for mental illness to rely on family members instead of professional mental health services (Lauber and Rossler 2006). I found it interesting that the researchers suggest the differences in mental health care in developing Asian countries is due not only to a different cultural understanding of health and health care, but also the stigmatizing attitude of health car e professionals as well (Lauber and Rossler 2006). Gureje and Lasebikan (2005) studied the use of treatment services for mental illness in the Yoruba-speaking part of Nigeria through face-to-face interviews with nearly 5,000 adults. They found that fewer than 1 in 10 people with mental health disorders over the past 12 months had received any treatment whatsoever, compared with 25% in the United States (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005). They also found that respondents who did receive treatment were much more likely to be treated in the general medical sector rather than by a mental health specialist; these results are similar to those found in other developing countries as well as developed nations. Another significant finding was that people with mental illness were considerably less likely to use complimentary health providers than those with other non-mental disorders: This observation flies in the face of the common belief that traditional healers provide service for a high proportion of persons with mental disorders in developing Afr ican countries (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005:48). The authors suggest that many of the problems with mental health utilization in Nigeria result from its inadequate health service personnel and facilities, financial constraint, as well as poor knowledge of and negative attitude to mental illness (both of which are rampant in Nigeria) (Gureje and Lasebikan 2005:48). This suggests that in addition to the need for better health systems in developing countries, we also need to address the issue of stigma towards mental health treatment. Another study in 2005 attempted to look at the existing attitudes towards mental illness in the same Yoruba-speaking part of Nigeria. Gureje et al. (2005) studied over 2000 respondents and found widespread stigmatization of mental illness. The researchers found that respondents were often misinformed about the cause of mental illness with 80.8% stating that mental illness could be caused by drug or alcohol abuse, 30.2% claiming possession by evil spirits as a cause, followed by about equal responses of trauma, stress, and genetic inheritance (Gureje et al. 2005; Table 2). The researchers add that only about one-tenth of respondents believed that biological factors or brain disease could be the cause of mental illness, and 9% felt that Punishment from God was a possible cause (Gureje et al. 2005). In addition to the misunderstood causes of mental illness, the researchers found that many Nigerians have generally negative views towards people with mental illness: fewer than half of respondents believed that the mentally ill could be treated outside of hospitals, and only thought that mentally ill people could work at a regular job. The researchers found that these negative attitudes were equally spread across the socioeconomic spectrum (Gureje et al. 2005). The stigma associated with mental illness in Nigeria is evident in the responses that show most respondents were unwilling to have social interactions with someone with mental illness, including fear of having a conversation with or working with a mentally ill person (Gureje et al. 2005:437). 83% of respondents would be ashamed of people knowing that someone in their family was mentally ill, and only 3.4% responded that they could marry someone with a mental illness (Gureje et al. 2005: Table 4). These results support the fi ndings of the World Mental Health Survey that the stigma of mental illness is considerably higher in developing countries than in developed countries, but the research still does not show any distinct variables that could be identified in order to help reduce the associated stigma. Griffiths et al. (2006) performed a comparison of stigma in response to mental disorders between Australia and Japan, and found some interesting results. This was the only research I found that used similar methodologies to survey the public in two different cultures. Though both Japan and Australia are developed nations, the cross-cultural comparison is relevant to this study. Griffiths et al. (2006) found a significantly higher proportion of the Japanese respondents held stigmatizing attitudes and social distance towards mental illness. The authors give several possible reasons for this difference. First, conformity is more highly valued in Japan, so people who deviate from the norm because of mental illness would be more negatively impacted. Secondly, the treatment options in the two countries differ: in Japan, long-term institutionalization is common, while in Australia, community and rehabilitation services are emphasized. The implication is that even among developed countries, significant differences in the rates of stigma and the way it affects a society occur; therefore, any push to combat stigma needs to take into account these cultural differences. The authors suggest that this study may point to ways in which interventions programs for reducing stigma might be tailored for each country (Griffiths et al. 2006). Attempts to Reduce Stigma Associated With Mental Illness Many countries and cultures have made attempts to reduce the stigma associated with mental illness. Lauber and Rossler (2006) discuss the attempts in some Asian countries to rename schizophrenia in order to reduce the stigma associated with the disease; however, results show that a less pejorative label has little effect on the stigma associated with schizophrenia. Stein and Gureje (2004) suggest the approach of medicalization of suffering, or training healthcare providers to recognize the depression and anxiety that are often related to violence, chronic illness, and poverty in order for this to be successful, however, overcoming the stigma related to mental health issues is of primary importance. Lauber and Sartorius (2007) states that work towards reducing the stigma of mental illness is very important as a human rights issue: Societal or structural discrimination finds its expression in jurisdiction that restricts the civil rights of people with mental illness in, for example, v oting, parenting or serving jury duty, inequities in medical insurance coverage, discrimination in housing and employment, and the reliance on jails, prisons and homeless shelters as the way of disposing of people with mental illness (103). They discuss the importance of the normalization paradigm in which people with mental disorders are seen as similar to and not different from other people and medicalization, the idea that mental illness is a treatable medical condition rather than a personal defect, in the anti-stigma endeavors (Lauber and Sartorius 2007). Form (2000) suggests that one important aspect of reducing mental health stigma is to increase what he calls mental health literacy or knowledge about mental health disorders: he outlines several education programs that were widespread in the 80s and 90s in the United States the Depression Awareness, Recognition and Treatment Program and the National Depression Screening Day. These programs received widespread media attention, but their effects have not been studied. Form suggests that one good way to help improve mental health literacy is to target specific populations, such as high school students. However, Forms research says little about how these ideas would work in developing countries. In conclusion, a look at the research on stigma associated with mental illness shows significant differences in developing and developed countries, but the reasons for this are still unclear. I had hoped to conclude this research with a set of key differences between high-stigma and low-stigma cultures, but this information, if it exists, was not found. I believe that research on identifying causes for and reducing incidences of the stigma of mental illness is a very important topic in medical anthropology and one I believe will see continued advancement in research in the future. References Cited Alonso, J., A. Buron, R. Bruffaerts, Y. He, J. Posada-Villa, J-P. Lepine, M.C. Angermeyer, D. Levinson, G. de Girolamo, H. Tachimori, Z.N. Mneimneh, M.E. Medina-Mora, J. Ormel, K.M. Scott, O. Gureje, J.M. Haro, S. Gluzman, S. Lee, G. Vilagut, R.C. Kessler, M. Von Korff, the World Mental Health Consortium. 2008 Association of perceived stigma and mood and anxiety disorders: results from the world Mental Health Surveys. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118:305-314. Griffiths, Kathleen M., Y Nakane, H. Christensen, K. Yoshioka, A. F. Jorm, and H. Nakane. 2006 Stigma in response to mental disorders: a comparison of Australia and Japan. BMC Psychiatry 2006, 6:21. Gureje, Oye, and V. Lasebikan 2005 Use of mental health services in a developing country: results from the Nigerian survey of mental health and well-being. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology 41:44-49. Gureje, Oye, V. Lasebikan, O. Ephraim-Oluwanuga, B. Olley, and L. Kola 2005 Community study of knowledge of and attitude to mental illness in Nigeria. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2005 186:436-441. Jorm, A. F. 2000 Mental Health Literacy: Public Knowledge and Beliefs About Mental Disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2000 177:396-401 Lauber, Christopher and N. Sartorius 2007 At Issue: Anti-stigma endeavors. International Review of Psychiatry. April 2007; 19(2):103-106. Lauber, Christopher and W. Rossler 2007 Stigma towards people with mental illness in developing countries in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry, April 2007; 19(2): 157-178. Link, Bruce, L. H. Yang, J. C. Phelan, and P.Y. Collins 2004 Measuring Mental Illness Stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30 (3):511-541 Stein, Dan J., O. Gureje. 2004 Depression and anxiety in the developing world: is it time to medicalise the suffering? The Lancet Vol. 364. stigma. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved December 1, 2010, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stigma

Imperialism And India Essay -- essays research papers fc

Imperialism and India Throughout history, many nations have implemented imperialism to enforce their will over others for money, protection and civilization. India was no exception. Since its discovery, Europeans were trying get a piece of India's action. In many cases England was the imperial, or mother country. Since India was put under imperialism, a great deal of things changed, some for the good, mostly though for the bad. Between 1640 and 1949, India was ruled by two periods of imperialism, both of which effected India in a very profound and permanent manner. The first period of European control was between 1740 and 1858. During this period the British East India Company controlled the Indian sub-continent under the guise of economic imperialism, when in fact the manipulation of Indian affairs was much more political than let on. When it was founded in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I, the East India Company's main purpose was "to break into the Indonesian spice trade which was dominated by the Dutch." But after colonizing a post a Madras in 1640, the company was re-chartered to include such rights as coining money and act as government to British subjects at the East India Company's posts. As well, the British government also gave the company the right to make was or peaceful arrangements with powers who were non-Christian. This control expanded with the founding of a port at Bombay in 1668, and the founding of Calcutta in 1690. Then in 1756, a young employee named Robert Clive, who had been named lieutenant-governor in 1755, was sent to take back Calcutta from the Bengal nawab. He accomplished this in January of 1757. Then later that year, Clive lead a group of 950 European and 2,000 Indian soldiers(sepoys) against a group of 50,000 Indians lead by a degenerate nawab at Plassey. The victory of the English forces over the local resistance brought Bengal under the effective political control of the East India Company. Although a "puppet nawab" was left in control of the area, Clive was granted the right to extract land revenue from most of eastern India. Through out this whole period, the company slowly found it's privledges being revoked, until in 1858, the Sepoy Rebellion, or the Indian Revolution, finally brought an end to the rule of the East India Company in India when it ... ...health of Indians, created such a tremendous population explosion that famine resulted in some regions. As well, the creation of British educated professionals and business people created a new upper-class in India changing the rule of class in India forever. All of these changes, while under the guise of helping the natives, only served to help the colonists and leave the Indians feeling inferior, as though Indians are only "hewers of wood, and drawers of water" All of these changes in Indian culture and economy forever changed the destiny of the Land of India. While many changes may have been good in retrospect, they were only meant to help the colonizing British. Overall, the colonization of India had nothing but a negative effect on its people and culture. Perhaps one day people will realize that imposing one culture on another is not only wrong, but it is destructive to the natural course of a countries history. Bibliography "India" Groiler Electronic Encyclopedia, 1994 "India" article found on Internet, 1996 "India, a history of," Groiler New Book of Knowledge, 1979 In class speech by Mr. Seqera, 1996

Critical Review of On Coffee Talk and Break-Room Chatter: Perceptions of Women Who Gossip in the Workplace

Farley, Timme, and Hart's (2010) article describes a study, which investigated the perceptions of female gossipers within the workplace. Approximately 500 students were asked to complete an online survey, 87 of whom (aged from 23 to 64) completed all 54 items. A questionnaire was conducted which included demographic items, and the subscales of a modified FIRO-B. Participants were arbitrarily allocated to a condition and were asked to â€Å"think of a female co-worker who frequently or rarely contributes negative information about other people during conversation† (Farley et al. p. 365) and then evaluate the target using a modified version of Schutz’s (1958) FIRO-B, which is a measuring instrument that contains six scales of nine-item questions (cited in Farley et al, 2010). Participants then judged the female co-worker on a five-point Likert-Type scale. The results showed that high gossipers were rated as needing to express more control than low gossipers. The participa nts also rated the high gossipers as wanting others to control them less than low gossipers.Furthermore, high gossipers were rated as less emotionally close with their peers than low gossipers. These findings support the hypothesis that high gossipers would obtain higher ratings on the express control dimension than low gossipers. The results also support the hypothesis that high gossipers would be rated as less likely to want others to put forth power over them than low gossipers. Farley et al. ‘s (2010) experiment needs a small degree of critiquing. For one, it uses a poor assortment of participants, as the sample is too constricted to make any real generalizations.Participants were recruited via email. This method of assignment would have led to unequal groups in terms of demographic characteristics such as different ages and gender (cited in Farley et al, 2010). Older people may be more judgmental of gossiping than younger people; therefore this may hinder the final result s. Also, the experimenter only used females in the questionnaire, drawing on the myth that the majority of gossipers are females; therefore it does not generalize to everyone in the workplace.There may well have been an interaction effect between gossipers and gender; therefore males as well as females should have been included in the questionnaire. Furthermore, I am not satisfied with how the authors defined ‘gossip’; in fact there is no clear statement delineating ‘gossip’. The lack of the experimenters’ control over the independent variable (gender) makes it a subject variable as opposed to a manipulated variable, therefore it is a quasi experiment and you cannot infer causality from the results.

God-fearing people Essays

God-fearing people Essays God-fearing people Paper God-fearing people Paper Parris, at the beginning of the play, is shown not to believe in witches. However, the overwhelming authority of Danforth and the court persuades him to think otherwise, and at the end of the play, he is shown to believe in witches. By making the most religious man in the play believe in witches, and fall victim to the power of Danforth, Miller is criticising the American society, where even the most religious and God-fearing people would leave their faith in order to save their lives. John Proctor, on the other hand, is shown to be a very Christ-like figure throughout the play. In the movie version, Proctor is shown to be in water when he chases Mary Warren after she has run out of court. When everyone is against him, he stands alone in the water, almost as if he is being baptised from the old Proctor to the new Proctor. By showing us this, Miller is hinting at the fact that only the people who told the truth were the real  gods; as Jesus Christ is believed to be in Christianity, and the others were just liars, who sacrificed their friends, or in Salems case, their enemies, in order to save themselves. : At first meeting, we think that Hale is McCarthy, as he appears to be very self-confident and arrogant; they are weighted with authority. However, as we read further into the play, Hale seems to change, and realises the stupidity and injustice in the system. By changing the thoughts of one of the most respected persons in Salem, Miller is showing weaknesses in Danforth, and therefore in McCarthy. Here, Miller is also representing the fact that McCarthyism would not last for very long, and that someday people would realise that they are in the wrong, and start to protect those who tell the truth. He is attacking the American society for not doing it earlier, as Hale is only shown to realise what is happening when it is too late. Mary Warren works for proctor. She is one of the accused, and most of end of Act 3 is based on her case. First of all, she tells the court that she did not really faint, and that she was only pretending, That were pretence, sir. However, when she is asked to pretend to faint again, she is unable to. This immediately creates tension in the audience, as they, most probably, would want her to faint in order to save Proctor and Elizabeth. Her inability to faint only strengthens Abigails case, and this would only strengthen what Danforth stands for. She then changes her confession to saying that she did deal with the devil, My name, he want my name, and goes against Proctor. Miller is showing us here how people would lie to save their own lives, and kill those who have been most helpful to them, and this criticises the American society, where people would lie in order to save their own lives. This scene would anger the audience, and make them feel hatred towards Mary, Abigail and especially Danforth, who will now definitely sign the death warrant for Elizabeth. Again, by making the hero of the play suffer Miller is expressing his hatred towards McCarthy and the people who followed him. Miller constantly characterises the court officials as weak and arrogant which highlights the injustice of Salem and McCarthy. Giles is the first character to challenge Danforth and he is immediately thrown out of the court. However, Abigail is able to overpower Danforth, making him very uneasy at times, as the following stage directions show: weakening, apprehensively, dumbfounded Danforth cannot speak Danforth turning worriedly to Abigail. This is because Abigail is the only way he can prove that he is in the right, and that years of studies have not gone to waste. By making Danforths character so weak, Miller is condemning the fact that McCarthy is a weak man who has a closed mind over the things he says and does. Millers slow build up of tension during the scene emphasises the emotional disturbance suffered by the victims of both Salem and McCarthy. Abigail enters just as Danforth is questioning Mary and interruptions like these slowly build tension in the audience. Also, the faked attacks grow anger in the audience, as everyone knows that they are pretending, and yet the people still believe them. Miller is portraying the American society of the 1950s as ignorant and stupid, who will believe anything the court and McCarthy believe. Proctors confession to committing lechery, in an attempt to save his wife, is a much tensed scene. The dramatic irony of Elizabeth not knowing he has confessed, and the natural lie she tells in order to save her husbands name, all create suspense in the audience, as they know that the Proctors are innocent, and yet because of the injustice of the court, one of them, if not both, will die. Miller is again criticising McCarthy and his laws, as the innocent are dying and the guilty live. Proctors damning lines at the end of the play suggest that there were some good people in Salem and in America during the 1950s-people who would give their lives for their loved ones. In the movie, Proctor is shown to be reciting the Gods Prayer just before being hanged, and it was believed that witches were not able to recite the Gods Prayer. By showing him do this, Miller is showing everyone how blatant it was that the innocent were dying, and he criticises the citizens of Salem for not realising this, in other words, he is criticising the American society. This has a negative effect on the audience, as they appreciate the injustice of McCarthy, and how the people were not doing anything to save anyone. Having considered the dramatic nature of this scene, I believe that it criticises McCarthyism and is an attack on the American society of the 1950s. Miller does this by repeatedly showing the Salem citizens as ignorant and unintelligent. He attacks Danforth time and time again, showing him to be weak, and yet he is able to have power over the people, only because of the fact that he has higher authority then they have. The innocent characters are the ones who are killed, and the guilty characters are the ones who get away with their crimes. This highlights the very point that during 1950s America, there was no justice whatsoever, and the only people who ruled were those who were of a higher rank than the normal citizens.

Free Essays on Cask Of Amontillado - Revenge

Revenge and Pride can be very dangerous things In â€Å" The Cask of Amontillado† revenge and pride are played out in true Poe style. Here one man, Montresor plots a horrible revenge on another, Fortunato. This event is even more horrible by the fact that vengeance is being taken when no real offense had been given. All that is told is that Fortunato has done a grievous wrong to Montresor and his family. Fortunato is totally self-absorbed with himself and his pride in his knowledge of fine wines. If one is a lover of horror stories this is one that they will need to read. Poe’s usage of his standard gothic style, with symbolism, irony and foreshadowing makes this a true horror story. Montresor has a strong hatred for Fortunato. His plan is to use his victims pride in his connoisseurship of fine wine, to lure him into the catacombs to taste some non-existent Amontillado. As they go into the catacombs it is very damp and cold. Fortunato questions Montresor about all the white hanging form the walls and ceilings, his response is that it is just niter with spider webs. As the two men progress deeper into the dark winding and very dreary tunnels, piles of bones begin to appear presumably Montresor’s ancestors. By leading fortunate into the catacombs the seen is set. No one will be able to hear his cries for help. This also shows that Montresors must be a little mad. The conflict is largely internal, because Montresor has a fierce hatred that Fortunato is unaware of when Montresor chains Fortunato to the wall and begins to layer the bricks. It is at this point that the reader may ask themselves if this is really about to happen. The conclusion lets us know that Montresor was never punished for this crime. Fifty years has passed and he is an old man telling the story on his deathbed. The true horror is that Fortunato died a terrible death, utterly alone, and his killer was never brought to justice in the legal se... Free Essays on Cask Of Amontillado - Revenge Free Essays on Cask Of Amontillado - Revenge Revenge and Pride can be very dangerous things In â€Å" The Cask of Amontillado† revenge and pride are played out in true Poe style. Here one man, Montresor plots a horrible revenge on another, Fortunato. This event is even more horrible by the fact that vengeance is being taken when no real offense had been given. All that is told is that Fortunato has done a grievous wrong to Montresor and his family. Fortunato is totally self-absorbed with himself and his pride in his knowledge of fine wines. If one is a lover of horror stories this is one that they will need to read. Poe’s usage of his standard gothic style, with symbolism, irony and foreshadowing makes this a true horror story. Montresor has a strong hatred for Fortunato. His plan is to use his victims pride in his connoisseurship of fine wine, to lure him into the catacombs to taste some non-existent Amontillado. As they go into the catacombs it is very damp and cold. Fortunato questions Montresor about all the white hanging form the walls and ceilings, his response is that it is just niter with spider webs. As the two men progress deeper into the dark winding and very dreary tunnels, piles of bones begin to appear presumably Montresor’s ancestors. By leading fortunate into the catacombs the seen is set. No one will be able to hear his cries for help. This also shows that Montresors must be a little mad. The conflict is largely internal, because Montresor has a fierce hatred that Fortunato is unaware of when Montresor chains Fortunato to the wall and begins to layer the bricks. It is at this point that the reader may ask themselves if this is really about to happen. The conclusion lets us know that Montresor was never punished for this crime. Fifty years has passed and he is an old man telling the story on his deathbed. The true horror is that Fortunato died a terrible death, utterly alone, and his killer was never brought to justice in the legal se...

My experience with Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My experience with Religion - Essay Example I would have to say no unfortunately. I did attend Sunday School but many of things that the pastor spoke about were not covered. I suppose that I was clueless about my own religion until my mother purchased a Volume of Children’s Biblical stories. These books gave me a better understanding and perspective of the religion I was practicing. At first I really did not enjoy going to church, but when I joined the youth choir and started attending Vacation Bible School, church visits suddenly had a purpose. As an adult, I continued to attend church regularly. However, I decided to change churches because my childhood church was nothing more than a fashion show. The new church that I began attending was not as big as my previous church. Also, the pastor and the congregation were very accepting of me and did not care what I wore so much. I attended this church for about six years, but I became very disgusted with the sinful acts that people in the church were engaged in. At that point, I decided to leave the church and find my way. I was told as a child that people that attended church were Christian and lived strictly by God’s way. However, I realized that many members in the church were committing great sins. These were terrible sinful acts, such as sleeping with other members’ husbands or wives, going to the bar after church, frequently using profanities, etc. Due to witnessing these actions, I lost my faith and decided to leave the church for good. After years of not attending church, I realized that going to church gave me a purpose in life. I now understand that I should have never left God’s Kingdom. I now realize that I have no control over the wrong doings of others. If I continue to live right by God, then that’s all that matters. I was very happy when I learned that Empire State College would offer a course on Religion and Spirituality. I hope that this class will give me better outlook on the various religions practiced in our society.

ERP Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ERP Systems - Essay Example Organisations seek ERP systems for various reasons and among them are the desires to adopt better business practices, globalisation, increase flexibility, and centralise information among others (Hallikainen 3). The software infrastructure also presents an opportunity for the business to sustain a competitive advantage in the evolving world of information technology in business. This is achieved by ensuring cooperation and integration of various departments in an organisation and is in line with information technology, a key aspect in relation to effective management (Bernroider and Koch). There are various applications offered by ERP system depending on the needs of the organisation, which include supply-chain management, human resource management, customer relationship manager and accounting applications. PeopleSoft is among the leading ERP systems designed to provide comprehensive business and industrial solutions to organisations who desire better management. PeopleSoft boasts of over a thousand features and enhancements to produce a robust solution by the use of simple yet advanced graphical user interface. The key factors to consider while selecting an ERP system include availability, reliability, system functions, and customer support services. However, there are challenges associated with the acquisition and maintenance of enterprise resource planning systems. One of the biggest problems associated with implementation of enterprise resource planning relates to company goals and objectives. Most are the times companies seek the services of ERP systems without clearly defining measurable goals and objectives at the onset of the project and as a result, end up modifying or changing them. This follows the common belief that the implementation of ERP systems is normally an enormous upgrade. This beats the very benefit ERP seeks to provide, that of efficiency and increased productivity, which has seen most projects fail. In addition, such actions contribute t he rise in costs and delays in implementation. Enterprise resource planning software does not offer much flexibility and as such (Almond). Companies may be forced to adapt according to the models presented by the implemented ERP. Such changes may require restructuring of company policies and objectives in order to embrace the new system. ERP systems are known to have many features to offer, which tend to create confusion in most companies seeking to acquire the services. This can be attributed to the wide scope at which the applications function and as such, companies may not understand where to begin with the process of acquiring ERP systems. To resolve such issues, companies seek expertise from specialist who evaluate the company needs and recommend on available software options. In addition, ERP systems are expensive to acquire and maintain. This limits its use to companies and organisations that can afford or those that are fully established to require such managerial tools. Thi s indicates that ERP systems have not fully proliferated across all levels of businesses and organisations. The cost of implementation is also high considering that the software and applications require a certain degree of compliance with regard to computer hardware, in order to reap complete benefits of the system. As such, companies are forced to expand the budgets and afford more resources to the critical stage of implementation. Should

Introduction to counselling- module 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction to counselling- module 3 - Essay Example Needs which could be found at the higher levels of the hierarchy are not strongly geared towards physical survival, instead their focus are more on the psychological well-being and growth. These needs have lesser power in motivating individuals and they are more influenced by the individual’s life experiences and even formal education. The ensuing hierarchy of needs is frequently portrayed as a pyramid, with physical survival needs situated at the bottom of at the foundation of the pyramid whereas the needs for self-actualization are situated at the top. During the time the hierarchy of needs was developed, psychology in the early 1960s was dominated by two views of human behavior. These views are the behaviorist as well as the psychoanalytic. The psychoanalytic view places its emphasis on the unconscious conflicts and makes, drawing a lot of of its conceptions from case studies of neurotic people. On the other hand, the behaviorist view places more attention on the function of learning and generated a lot of its principles from observations of animal behavior. Maslow put forward the observation that the psychoanalysts fell short to take into account the behavior of healthy human beings, at the same time as the behaviorists were very mechanistic and basically took notice of the subjective experience. Maslow possessed the conception that that no theory of human personality would be absolute without a systematic investigation of healthy functioning, in this case he ventured out to inspect the conscious motivations as well as experiences of individuals who are healthy. One essential result was that psychologically healthy people have more tendencies to put into account what Maslow referred to as "peak experiences." Maslow described a peak experience as one in which the individual loses a sense of place and time and goes through a fleeting feeling of harmony