East-Midland English

A project in theoretical phonetics of English Shcherbakova Natalia, group 01 Contents: 1. Introduction 2. English in East Midlands 1. Vowels 2. Consonants 3. Word Stress 4. Sentence rhythm and intonation 3. Conclusion 4. List of references Introduction East Midlands, general facts The East Midlands, in its broadest sense, is the eastern part of central England (and therefore part of the United Kingdom as well).The East Midlands covers three major landscape areas: The relatively flat coastal plain of Lincolnshire, the river valley of the Trent, the third largest (and longest) river in England, and the southern end of the Pennine range of hills in Derbyshire. The second of these contains several large cities: Nottingham, Leicester, Derby and Doncaster, historically centres based around coal mining and heavy industry. This is one of the drier regions of England. ?The East-Midland dialect is very interesting. The northern parts of its dialect area were also an area of heavy Scandinavian settlement, so that northern East-Midland Middle English shows the same kinds of rapid development as its Northern neighbor. But the subdialect boundaries within East-Midland were far from static: the more northerly variety spread steadily southward, extending the influence of Scandinavianized English long after the Scandinavian population had been totally assimilated.In the 13th century this part of England, especially Norfolk and Suffolk, began to outstrip the rest of the country in prosperity and population because of the excellence of its agriculture, and — crucially — increasing numbers of well-to-do speakers of East-Midland began to move to London, bringing their dialect with them. ? By the second half of the 14th century the dialect of London and the area immediately to the northeast, which had once been Kentish, was thoroughly East-Midland, and a rather Scandinavianized East Midland at that.Since the London dialect steadily gained in prestige from that time on and began to develop into a literary standard, the northern, Scandinavianized variety of East-Midland became the basis of standard Modern English. For that reason, East-Midland is by far the most important dialect of Middle English for the subsequent development of the language. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The English written and spoken today owes its origins to a mix of the East Midlands and London dialects. The East Midlands dialect was important because it came from the centre of the country and was intelligible to most people.Great numbers of traders, pilgrims and others passed through towns such as Leicester and Nottingham. During the 13th and 14th centuries, large numbers of East Midlanders migrated to London, in turn influencing the standard form of English The East Midlands dialect was a mixture of English and Scandinavian, with a smattering of French. The impact of the Vikings can still be seen today in our version of English that was born on the borders of Mercia and Danelaw. As Dr Elai ne Treharne from Leicester University points out, â€Å"It is fair to say that the Queen's English has its roots in the towns of the Midlands as much as the palaces of Whitehall! 1) Fading of old traditions and huge shiftsin how we. communicate globally. Much of the dialect developed in rural communities and in the industrial heartlands of the region. Mining communities in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire were renowned for their use of dialect. At a time when regions are losing some of their traditional dialect, the East Midlands is keen to retain its cultural identity and linguistic style. Although some words are dying out, East Midlanders are keen to celebrate their local language 2) 3) ? ? Examples of pronunciation: ? ? ? ? In Leicester, words with short vowels such as up and last have a northern pronunciation, whereas words with vowels such as down and road sound rather more like a south-eastern accent. The vowel sound at the end of words like border (and the name of the city) is also a distinctive feature. [ In north Nottinghamshire ee found in short words is pronounced as two syllables, for example feet being , sounding like â€Å"fee-yut† (and also in this case ending with a glottal stop). Lincolnshire also has a marked north south split in terms of accent.The north shares many features with Yorkshire, such as the open a sound in â€Å"car† and â€Å"park† or the replacement of take and make with tek and mek. The south of Lincolnshire is close to Received Pronunciation, although it still has a short Northern a in words such as bath. In Northamptonshire, crossed by the North-South isogloss, residents of the north of the county have an accent similar to that of Leicestershire and those in the south an accent similar to rural Oxfordshire. The town of Corby in northern Northamptonshire has an accent with some originally Scottish features, apparently due to immigration of Scottish steelworkers.It is common in Corby for the GOAT set of words to be pronounced with . This pronunciation is used across Scotland and most of Northern England, but Corby is alone in the Midlands in using it ? East Midlands accents are generally non-rhotic, instead drawing out their vowels, resulting in the Midlands Drawl, which can to non-natives be mistaken for dry sarcasm. Old and cold may be pronounced as â€Å"owd† and â€Å"cowd† (rhyming with â€Å"loud† in the West Midlands and â€Å"ode† in the East Midlands), and in the northern Midlands home can become â€Å"wom†.The West Midlands accent is often described as having a pronounced nasal quality, the East Midlands accent much less so. ? ? Next ? As in the North, Midlands accents generally do not use a broad A, so that cast is pronounced rather than the pronunciation of most southern accents. The northern limit of the in many words crosses England from mid-Shropshire to The Wash, passing just south of Birmingham. ? Midlands speech also generally uses the northern short U, so putt is pronounced the same as put.The southern limit of this pronunciation also crosses from mid-Shropshire to the Wash, but dipping further south to the northern part of Oxfordshire. Next Other features of Derbyshire dialect are: 1) the use of words like â€Å"thee† and â€Å"thou†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ 2) the shortening of words for more economical speech 3) the use of very unusual words like â€Å"scratin'† (crying) deriving from old Norse or Viking The dialect of the East Midlands has been investigated in notable texts such as the affectionately titled Ey Up Mi Duck series of books by Richard Scollins and John Titford.These books were originally intended as a study of Derbyshire Dialect, particularly the distinctive speech of Ilkeston and the Erewash valley, but later editions acknowledge similarities in vocabulary and grammar which unite the East Midlands dialects and broadened their appeal to the region as a whole. â€Å"Ey Upâ €  (often spelt ayup / eyup) is a greeting thought to be of Old Norse origin (se upp) used widely throughout the North Midlands and South Yorkshire, and â€Å"Mi Duck† is thought to be derived from a respectful Anglo Saxon form of address, â€Å"Duka† (Literally â€Å"Duke†), and is unrelated to waterfowl.Nonnatives of the East Midlands are often surprised to hear men greet each other as ‘Mi Duck. ‘ I, the man with the red scarf, Will give thee what I have, this last week's earnings. Take them and buy thee a silver ring And wed me, to ease my yearnings. For the rest when thou art wedded I'll wet my brow for thee With sweat, I'll enter a house for thy sake, Thou shalt shut doors on me. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Ay (or ey) up mi duck – hello there! Aya gorra weeya? – is the wife with you?It's black uvver Bill's mother's – it looks like rain Coggie – swimming costume Croaker – doctor Duck's necks – bottle of lemonade Gorra bag on – in a bad mood Laropped – drunk Nesh – cold Old cock – friend or mate Page owl – single woman out alone at night Skants – pants The rally – the railway line Thiz summat up wee im – I think he may be ill Who's mashing? – who's making the cups of tea CONCLUSION East Midlands English is a dialect traditionally spoken in Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire.It came from the centre of the country and was intelligible to most people. It includes special pronunciation, grammatical rules and has variations within the political region. East Midlands takes great pride in its distinctive dialect. In Lincolnshire local people are going back to the classroom to reclaim their linguistic roots. The English written and spoken today owes its origins to a mix of the East Midlands and London dialects. They have a lot of common and it is really hard to distinctive one dialect from another without knowing peculiarities of both dialects.LIST OF REFERENCES & EXTERNAL LINKS Wiki Travel (2012) – England, East Midlands (http://wikitravel. org/en/East_Midlands) Penn Department of Linguistics – Dialects of Middle English (http://www. ling. upenn. edu/) Peter Gill (2009) – Dialect Poems (http://dspace. dial. pipex. com/) BBC Inside Out (2005) – Dialects and accents (http://www. bbc. co. uk/) Bell M. (1996). Teaching pronunciation and intonation to E. F. L. learners in Korea. Retrieved on 14 October, 2004. – p. 255 Tutorgipedia – English language in England (http://www. tutorgigpedia. com)

To the Indians Who Died in South Africa

T S Eliot’s poem ‘To the Indians who Died in Africa’ is an interesting Eliot piece. It is not often you read a poem by Eliot which refrains from striking the grand pose. He tended to invoke the giant issues of human soul every time he penned a poem, except of course, when he wrote those cat poems. But this is a puzzlingly small-aimed poem. A bit advise not grand wisdom, I guess. That this poem in imbued in the war and empire atmosphere is obvious. What he has to say to the Indians is funnily passive, â€Å"Look, it is ok if you die absurdly in a foreign country’.It is noteworthy how Eliot deploys rhetoric to persuade the reader that it is indeed true that there was a common purpose among the Indian and the English soldiers. It appears to me that in the first two stanzas the speaker  Ã‚   evokes the image of the ‘normal scene’ so that we see how different it is for one to die in a foreign country. Then of course he goes on to assert that this need no more be seen as unusual or as tragic. He seems to suggest that the place where a man meets his destiny is his destination. He associates destiny with the inevitable culmination of one’s life as well as one’s efforts.He suggests that the divide between home and exile is illusory; that the opposition between ‘our’ and ‘your’ is not real. Every country will have such places where ‘foreigners’ are buried (whether it is the English midlands or some village in Punjab – ‘Five Rivers’). He emphasises that the common purpose really erases the differences that notions of ‘home’ and ‘exile’ foster; the divide that notions of national difference highlight. The death of an Indian soldier in Africa fighting Germany and defending England may appear absurd.But the speaker points out that the Indian and the English soldiers are united in a common purpose. As for greater meaning in such lives a nd deaths, he says it is to be seen only after ‘final judgment’. To the Indians Who Died in Africa * T. S. Eliot A man’s destination is his own village, His own fire, and his wife’s cooking; To sit in front of his own door at sunset And see his grandson, and his neighbour’s grandson Playing in the dust together. Scarred but secure, he has many memories Which return at the hour of conversation, (The warm or the cool hour, according to the climate)Of foreign men, who fought in foreign places, Foreign to each other. A man’s destination is not his destiny, Every country is home to one man And exile to another. Where a man dies bravely At one with his destiny, that soil is his. Let his village remember. This was not your land, or ours: but a village in the Midlands, And one in the Five Rivers, may have the same graveyard. Let those who go home tell the same story of you: Of action with a common purpose, action None the less fruitful if neither you nor we Know, until the judgement after death, What is the fruit of action.Eliot, T. S. â€Å"To the Indians Who Died in Africa. † Collected Poems 1909-1962 This is what Narayan Chandran has to say about this poem: It is intriguing that T. S. Eliot has repeatedly drawn upon Indic sources, especially the Bhagavad-Gita and its philosophy of disinterested action, while writing on war and world affairs through the 1940s. Eliot’s Occasional Verses, particularly â€Å"To the Indians who Died in Africa,† betray the poet’s imperialist biases, unlike much of his poetry, in which they do not seem to surface visibly as in his prose writings and conversations.Couched in the language and imagery of the Gita, Eliot seems to tell the Indians that their action is its own reward; the irony hardens as we recall historical facts and situations that drove hapless Indians to support the Allied war effort in many theaters outside India. The essay also looks at two other Britis h writers on Indian themes, Kipling and Forster, whose texts seem to cast an interesting sidelight on â€Å"action,† whose punning resonance Eliot seems to relish in writing his war poems. Eliot, evidently, had little use for the philosophy he quoted back to the distressed Indians.

Human visual system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human visual system - Essay Example However, for one to see, the human eye has to convert the visible light energy into neural activity, a process that usually takes place in the retina part of the eye (Atchison and Smith 2000, P.11). The retina contains neurons, enabling it to transduce light energy into neural activity. However, the process does not take place in a vacuum, rather with the help of rods and cones found in the retina according to Atchison and Smith (2000, P.11). Rods and cones are photoreceptors that are responsible for the conversion of visible light energy into neural activity (Bernstein et al. 2007, P.45). These photoreceptors usually contain chemicals, which are sensitive to light energy. As such, when light strikes the retina, the chemicals in the rods and cones immediately break apart, generating signals, which are relayed to the brain for interpretation. However, Bernstein (2010, p.91) notes that the process of rebuilding the chemicals broken apart in the rods and cones usually takes some time, w hich explain why a person usually find it hard seeing when entering a dark room when coming from a bright light. Nonetheless, as one continues to stay in the dark, the rods quickly build up the chemicals thereby enabling the person to start seeing things normally. This process of adjusting to darkness overtime is usually referred to as dark adaptation where one becomes approximately 10,000 times more light-sensitive after being in the darkness for quite awhile according to Atchison and Smith (2000, P.12). Cones, on the other hand, contain three light-sensitive chemicals that help in determining the color being seen by an individual. Cones are usually found at the middle of the retina in an area known as the fovea. The fovea is the area where the incoming light is focused. Bernstein (2010, p.91) notes that the density of cones in the fovea differs from one person to another, which explains the differences in visual acuity among different people. What is noted that cones usually works best at high light intensities, where the ability to differentiate colors become active (Bernstein et al. 2007, P.46). For instance, it is possible for one to pick two different socks in a dark room thinking that they resemble each other and only learn later that the socks are actually different in color. From the retina, signals are transferred to the brain, where the information is translated before an individual is able to see something. However, as Bernstein (2010, p.91) points out, the eye does not just transfer the images it focused on the retina directly to the brain as this will make one see blurred pictures. Instead, the visual images are first sharpened by the eye, a function, which hugely depends on the interaction between the rods and cones, found in the retina of the human eye as noted by Atchison and Smith (2000, P.12). Bernstein (2010, p.91) reveals that rays of light usually pass through numerous structures of the retina before striking the cones and rods. Once the rods and cones have been struck, they generate signals that are again relayed back to the surface of retina, thereby allowing the ganglion cells and the bipolar cells to connect enabling the eye to start the process of information analysis. Bipolar cells are part of the neurons capable of sending either positive or negative signals

At least four general characteristics of materials handling contribute Essay

At least four general characteristics of materials handling contribute to its intrinsic hazard potential. Name and explain four such characteristics - Essay Example In general lack of operational control may increase the scope of intrinsic hazards as it may cause either cause damage either to the operator, the fellow workers or the environment in varied combinations and extremities. Non-Identification of Hazardous Materials: The proper identification and description of the extent of the risk posed by a hazardous material must be well aware to the person handling it. Any lacuna in this would proportionally increase the intrinsic hazard potential of the material. Handling procedures including details on the hazard levels and risks posed must be studied in detail before handling the material Continued exposure of Hazardous materials: If hazardous materials with are not isolated and demarcated, it may lead to uncontrolled exposure of the same to the people handling it which would contribute to the increase of its potential risk. Thus such materials must be isolated and made to be handled by trained persons Personal Safety Equipments: The proper use of Personal Safety Equipments like gloves, goggles, safety shoes, work coat, sunscreen is very important to avert the risk posed by hazardous materials. Improper use of these or not using these while handling a hazardous material increases the intrinsic hazard potential of the

'Discuss the biology of Alzheimer's disease' Essay

'Discuss the biology of Alzheimer's disease' - Essay Example The clinical features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are, loss of short-term memory, deficient in praxis (ability to perform skilled movements) and the skill of reasoning and judgment (Doraiswamy PM, 1997). These symptoms arise from involvement of the temporal lobe, hippocampus, and the parietal association cortices, with lesser involvement of frontal lobes, until the disease is in its later stage. A second most prominent neuropathological feature which is also present in AD is the complex, fibrilar deposits in the cortex of the brain; this is known as senile and amyloid plaques. Amyloidal plaques have been the subject of AD research in recent times. These plaques contain a number of proteins, including apolipoprotein E, and 1-anti-chymotrypsin (Carlos Morgana, 2004). The principal component amyloidal plaques are amyloidal-beta peptide that is derived from a beta-amyloidal precursor protein. The presence of another distinct characteristic, that is also present in other dementias like Le wy Body Variant of AD and Fronto-temporal dementia, is the incidence of neurofibrillary tangles. These tangles are intraneural inclusions that are composed of hyperphosphorylated forms of a microtubule associated protein known as tau (Peter H. St George-Hyslop, 2004). In other words neurofibrillary tangles are the pathological neuron aggregates present in the neurons of the patiets suffering from AD. In the last several years, due to the increasing incidence of AD, researchers have been focussing on the main causes of this disease in the general population. Much research has been carried out, and it generally confirms that the overall life time risk of AD in a first degree relative of someone with AD is about 38%, by the age of 85 years. Three main reasons seem to reflect a complex mode of transmission (1) single autosomal gene defects, (2) multi-gene traits, (3) a mode of transfer in which both genetic and environmenal factors connect. The research also suggested that only a smal part of human poulation reflected, the transmission as a pure autosomal dominant mendelian trait. Recent genetic studies have identified four genes associated with inherited risk for AD (presenilin 1, presenilin 2, amyloid precursor protein, and apolipoprotein E) (Peter H. St George-Hyslop, 2004). The first gene to be identified as a precursor for AD is the amyloid precursor protein (APP). This gene is responsible for encoding an alternatively spliced transcript which, in its longest isoform encodes a singe transmembrane that spans a polypeptide of 770 amino acids (J. Kang, 325). This protein undergoes a series of endoproteolytic cleavages. This is mediated by a membrane-associated alpha-secretase that cleaves this protein in the middle of the A peptide domain, and liberates the extracellular N-terminus APP. The other cleavage pathway involves sequential cleavages by the - and -secretases, thus generating a 40-42 amino acid A peptide. The second protein responsible is Apolipoprotein E. This protein in humans contains 3 common polymorphisms. Analysis of these polymorphisms in AD unaffected persons has shown that there is an increased frequency of the delta 4 allele in people with AD. The third gene responsible for AD is Presnilin 1 (R. Sherrington, 1995). Presenilin 2 is the fourth gene that was identified during the cloning of Presenilin 1 on chromosome 14. This gene encoded a po lypeptide whose open reading frame

Henri Matisse's The Dessert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Henri Matisse's The Dessert - Essay Example The essay "Henri Matisse's The Dessert" discovers the artwork of Henri Matisse. His style also called for the use of flatter shapes to emphasize the use of the canvas, rather than creating three dimensions and offering a window into the scene. To further develop this flat and expressionist theme, he used organic and floral symbols, such as those seen on the table cloth. The chair, at bottom left, has a flatness to it as well—all of this showing that Matisse hoped to achieve independence from realism and his own expression in this painting. Matisse also had some indecision about the color—the painting was first green, then later he changed it and repainted things blue. Finally, before the piece was sent off to a Russian art collector, Matisse painted over the blue to make the painting red. Thus, it is apparent that colors were very important to the artist, and the emotions that colors inspired influenced him in deciding which color was appropriate. Overall, Matisse's ins piration for the painting was a desire to show what was within his own head, rather than to depict reality—he therefore used his own preference in color, light, and shape, and also avoided creating a focal point in the painting. Instead, he made a sort of scene with multiple subjects in it, and left nowhere for the eye to be drawn to as a center—a sort of protest against older styles that tried to be as precise in color, detail, shape, and scale as photographs may be while trying to draw the eye to a center point using proportions. and invisible lines. What I like most about this piece is that it makes a point of using non-traditional methods of expression and illustration. The Impressionist approach to painting creates a painting that offers a look into the artist's mind, and hence we see a far more unique scene or subject than would be possible if the artist was trying to depict the scene realistically. I also like how the scene uses a dominant color. The use of red as a sort of template color allows the addition of other colors to be more magnified, and thus the contrast against red becomes sharper and more impressive. The way the paint is mixed, the colors also appear very soft and simple, without any sort of gradient or overwhelming vividness. The painting also uses shape in a way that pleases my eye. The organic shapes on the table cloth are the obvious ones. If red is the defining color in the painting, then the curves of the vegetation are the defining shape. I also like how the patterns in blue are echoed in the shapes of the fruit, flowers, and also in the plants on the painting on the wall—the shapes all seem to be juxtaposed with little forcing, yet fit together harmoniously. This makes the painting very easy to look at, rather than a harsh clashing of hard, competing lines. The painting on the wall is another element that I like, as it creates a sort of surreal feeling in the paint—the irony of a painting within a paint ing. The painting is enclosed within a gold frame, and it thus has an obvious separation from the main scene, yet it still relates to the main scene both directly and indirectly. The indirect relation to the main scene is that the painting on the wall offers a pleasing contrast in color, in a way that really complements the entire color scheme. On the other hand, it also seems to be part of a larger set of colors across the whole painting that includes some of the fruits as a residual part of the concentration of green in the wall painting, while the red house and blue sky in the wall painting have the same relation to the larger scene. The final part about the painting that I

Quality in Health Care Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Quality in Health Care Administration - Essay Example Performance can denote, for example, the aptitude to fulfill the customer's needs rapidly with no errors. This research focused on this truth that the add to in demand for MRI services opens a casement of chance for putting up a provider-based release of such repair which will serve as an extra source of income for our recognized orthopedic surgical procedure do (Glasper, E. A., & Pogson, D, 2000). The fulfillment of such tactics equates to addressing the population's wants with the assurance of having a extremely spirited and ground-breaking technology that is the moveable Magnetic Resonance Imaging machine. If we analyzed then we come to know that a dream of a healthy inhabitants who is repeatedly provisioned with the uppermost quality medical services that are sensibly priced. As the manager, it lies in your hands to approach up with a possible plan for the commerce. Several challenges contain been recognized which are to be afterward on discussed (Freytag, P. V., & Hollensen, S, 2001). Due to such, it becomes a main task at hand to give good reason for and go additional than these challenges to see how this commerce will create it and flourish finally. Pushing through by means of this project and following greatly lies in the dream that you have by means of regards to this chance. And such vision would be to give the highest quality checkup services that other providers cannot struggle through. According to the expert analysis the most effectual leaders are the ones who are clever to cascade their dream down to their subordinates. Moreover, lacking such influence, the dream could turn skewed in the prospect. It is of utmost significance that the manager be able to make all the people concerned realize the meaning of the chance at hand. From there, he be supposed to be able to assemble them towards achieving the dream through suitable actions. People, policies, communication and harmonization are the structures that determination creates up this association. Management It is management's accountability to handle all managerial concerns of this association. As such, the formulation of all policies and rule with regards to the operations of this novel commerce is their anxiety. Management puts the dream into put and takes charge of carry out it. Management, therefore, makes the most impact on how this chance will development. Staff This research focused on this truth that as a supplier of healthcare services, the commerce as a whole very much relies on the skills of its employees. The staff has to therefore appreciate their position in the understanding of the dream. The failure to present the uppermost quality services as envisioned would guide to the termination of this industry. Policies and Guidelines Appropriate policies and guidelines are supposed to be put into put to make sure that events for only the uppermost quality are in put. These are to be severely followed. This anchors on the power of the commerce as contribution only the most excellent of the greatest Communication and Coordination Effective communication can be achieved through open surroundings. An environment that promotes optimistic and encouraging message and coordination will stay the association physically powerful (Faulkner, M, 2001). Such will

The right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror Essay

The right of habeas corpus in the context of the war on terror - Essay Example There had been no requirement of producing the body of the person with the cause of detention which never had been the case before. It was only for ordering an officer to produce the defendant and not for the purpose of scrutinizing the cause of detention by the court. There has been a mistaken impression that habeas corpus had been originally for the purpose of bringing people to custody and not to set them free. Actually, it was not for making arrest but to ensure the physical presence of a person to the court on the appointed day. However, the use of habeas corpus was not originally associated with liberty and it was a procedural requirement by which courts used to insist on the presence of the person to decide the matter relating to him. It was only with the enactment of Habeas Corpus Act 1640 that power of detention by the king was removed and abolition of all conciliar courts including Star Chamber was made. It was for the specific purpose of availing the right of habeas corpus by the detained persons requiring the King or Council to produce them before the court without delay and with a statement for reasons of imprisonment. The court was required to pronounce its verdict about the legality of the detention within three days and grant bail, discharge or remand the arrestee as it thought fit. A judge failing in this regard was liable to pay fines and damages to the aggrieved party. As the Habeas Corpus Act 1640 was not effective and the judges were not bold enough to contradict the king’s power of detention, the Habeas Corpus Act was 1679 was enacted. This Act was applicable to only criminal cases. This enactment marked the emergence of writ in its modern form (Zellick, Farbey, Sharpe, & Simon, 2011). Thus, the writ of habeas corpus has been an instrument against the unlimited executive power of detention first in England and then in the United

Evaluate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluate - Essay Example Evaluation Rationale The justification behind evaluation in human resource development can be attributed to instructional provision of empirical data that would be helpful in improving the outcome of the training program. Most organizations expect a better overall performance but this is attached to individual productivity. This explains the need for individual focused training that is likely to help trainees realize their unique and diverse potentials. There will be three general levels of evaluation and the first one will be perception. In this level, the recruits or employees will be initiated to develop sense of training environment where instructors use different approaches to express ideas (Piskurich, 2003). In this case, much attention will be shifted to level 2 type of evaluation which constitutes learning. This level of evaluation will be executed through administration of written test to find out the content knowledge of the trainees at the end of the program. In regard to biometric voter registration kits applications, this test may equally include practical requirement that trainees show their newly acquired skills in ease of using the kit, successfully assembling and disassembling it. The tests are taken through review by the human resource team to identify the strengths and weak points of each employee for further actions and improvement strategies. The last part and third part which is performance is critical as it will help the trainers and human resource team identify the pitfalls when the trainees have begun to undertake trials with the kit. The five W’s and H of learning as a critical aspect of training in human resource development and for the use of biometric voter registration kit is presented in the table below. Who What when where why how Perception Administered by electoral body Facilitator Measure recruits perception of the training Immediately after training session In the classroom before they leave the training program Determ ine if the recruits/staff were satisfied with the content and / or the instructor Survey Learning Administered by electoral body Facilitator Measure knowledge and skills learned in using the BVR kit Administered at the end of the training program In the classroom and on the job To ensure that recruits/staff have acquired necessary knowledge to use the kits Hands on test In class practice Performance Administered by electoral body HR Development and Training head. Measure of actual transfer of learning of assembling the BVR kit components, using it to successfully register potential electorate and disassemble after use. After the recruits finish a given stage of training On the orientation phase Determine recruits’ ability to understand and use the Biometric voter registration kit. Observation Supervisor assessment Performance checklist Evaluation Tools Level 1 Training Survey Evaluation Scale: Evaluation Scale (1) Superior (2) Excellent (3) Good (4) Fair (5) Poor The content of the module was practical and useful to my contract I will be able to use the knowledge and skills gained through this training program The content of this activity matched announced objectives The delivery method (handouts, videos and demonstration) were appropriate The instructor was

Police Discretion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police Discretion - Research Paper Example This is the soul essence of the report, the police officer and his judgment actions at the spot, in the field at a particular instance; a fact that differentiates a good officer from an average one. Definition Discretion can be described as a police officers’ will to act upon a certain situation or not and in what way. That is for example whether to stop a speeding motorist, book him or leave him with a gentle warning. The definition may be true but more often than not discretion is associated with use of force in the field. This discretion can be in either deciding to see force and if using so, how much and to what extent (Hunt 1985). Another school of thought preaches that the discretion of a police officer is with regard to the time spent on the situations coming across his desk or field when deployed. This can be explained by the example of a police officer helping a stranded motorist, using his duty time as a service duty, where as he could have avoided this situation (En gel 2007). Advantages The first and foremost benefit of handing over powers to a policeman in the field is the amount of time saved while taking a decision. Just imagine the hassle for a field person to refer to headquarters for each and every decision he has to take in the field. Therefore having discretion in his own hands, allows him to save time and act within the safe time region, where minimum damage is occurred to the law and order situation. Another positive that comes out from added discretion is primarily based upon the financial and physical resource distribution. In layman terms, the number of policemen, jails and courts are not enough for all the criminals to be given the same procedural approach. This will create havoc; hence the police discretion provides this advantage to the justice system (Goldstein 1977). If each and every discrepancy in the field or office needs a proper resolve, the men in the system will always be occupied with such minute stuff, making it very difficult for them to justify the call of duty for urgent pressing matters. Therefore a large force would be needed to do all this. So it can be easily said that saving resources is one of the largest benefit of putting authority in the hands of a police officer. (Engel 2007). Disadvantages The main problem associated with the above mentioned system is the lack of consistency as each officer has a separate way of perceiving the solution of the problem at hand which may result is disastrous situations. Behavioral patterns are very difficult to predict causing a massive dent in the police officer’s discretion supporters’ argument. This has seen to be the reason why there is an air of distrust on the officers on the part of the public which often leads to stand-offs between the two. Saying all this, the main problem is defined in all together another area. The most negative factor is the misuse of powers from the police. This often leads to violation of basic rights spec ially those which require body searches, property searches and protection against self-incrimination (Walker and Katz 2002). Forced Existence and Intelligent Use Questions are often raised about the whole authority into the individual hands system. The real and practical question being; that whether the police system can function without the discretion in the hands of a

What Do I Have to Offer This College Family Essay Example for Free

What Do I Have to Offer This College Family Essay Upon choosing this topic I pondered, what next? I sat in front of my PC deliberating what direction I wanted this piece to go in, and what impression I wanted to give my future alma mater’s admissions of myself and then it struck me. The point of this essay is not to paint an illusion of myself to you, but, to show you what I have to offer as a unique individual. Marrianne Williamson in her book, â€Å"Return to Love† and I quote, wrote, â€Å"Our greatest fear is not that we are inadequate, but that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that frightens us. We ask ourselves, who am I to be brilliant, gorgeous, handsome, talented and fabulous? Actually, who are you not to be? † I first stumbled upon this quote during one of my times of feeling deeply insignificant among my high school population. I decided that constantly feeling as though you are insignificant leads to you becoming insignificant. I am a believer that the mind is a very powerful thing and I plan to use this belief a self confidence to encourage those around me to do nothing but their best because the minute you start believing your worst is your best, it in fact becomes the best you can do. Academically, I am well rounded. I have over the years gained all the necessary basic knowledge to excel in any subject I decide to work at. I study well in groups and have always had a love for tutoring; as such during and after high school I took the responsibility of tutoring my younger sister and her friends at the primary level. Throughout high school I also tutored my friends in order to ensure that leisure time was not affected by poor academics. The passion for helping those in need, has become a part of who I am and I intend to use this to help those around me if I am accepted into the university. I am extremely confident a team player, athletic and energetic young woman and I have dreams of one day helping everyone around me see that they too can be apart of this world holding only a positive outlook for their lives and being calculative about consequences. I am trained as a peer councillor and intend to use my skills for self upliftment as well as the maintaining of the mental well being of those I encounter in my tenure at this prestigious university. It would be unlike me to not mention my rich Jamaican heritage as one of the things I have to offer this university. Cultural diversity is one of the many things that make university life worthwhile and I am no doubt endowed with a mixture of cultures; as the Jamaican culture has evolved to included aspects of cultures of people from all walks of life. I hope I have given you a good enough idea of what I have to offer this institution, but I assure you this is just the tip of the ice berg. I also have no doubt that I will not be a silent student as I intend to be a production member of the university family. As we say in Jamaica â€Å"Wi likkle but wi tallawah†, meaning big things come in small packages.

Human Resource Management in Business Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Management in Business Essay ‘Managing People’ Describe how your organisation obtains the co-operation of its employees through the contract of employment and employee involvement techniques. Employee Co-operation Contracts of employment An employment contract is a written legal document that lays out binding terms and conditions of employment between an employee and an employer. The employers in ZARA need to makw sure that their employees are aware of what rights and responsibilities they have as workers in ZARA. This contract also includes: The salary rate that is going to be paid to the employees. When they will be getting their salaries What deductions are going to be made from their salaries like income tax. Contractual entitlements These are outlines within the contract so the employee and employer both know what is expected of each other when working in an organization. Things like pay might include the salary amount that has to be given by the employer to the employee and when it is supposed to be paid. Holiday pays might also be included in this depending on what kind of job it is. These contractual entitlements also include the number of hours that the employee has to work, this also includes over time. Type of employment of the employee will be comprised in the entitlement. This can either be temporary or fixed employment. The employees working in ZARA also need to be aware of these contractual entitlements so that that they know what to expect from the employers and vice versa. Firms set some disciplinary rules in the place that they are going to be working in and need to be followed at all times. Employees need to make sure that they follow the rules the employers have set for them until they are working for that firm. Pension benefits are also given to the employee after they leave the organization. These pensions are paid to the employees month after month, the amount is discussed before hand and depending on the employee’s income history and as well as their age and how long they have served in the firm. Employee and employer rights Employers in Zara need to make sure that they are following the laws of all employee rights in their state. There are some employee rights that need to be followed. Some of these are: All employees need to make sure that they are getting paid the equal sum of money. Employees need to make sure that they aren’t doing any illegal work or something that would be a subject of discrimination. Employers in the firm need to make sure that the employees are not dismissed for an unfair reason. Employees also should be provided with maternity and paternity pay. To receive redundancy pay is basically a sum of money which is given by an employer to an employee who has been made redundant. Payment is done based on the employee’s rate of pay and length of service. Employees should make sure that they receive an annual leave from their employers within a year’s time without consequences. Employees should be paid at least a minimum wage in the firm. Type of employment contract: Permanent: this is one of the most common types of employment contracts that businesses follow. This employment contract includes things like the amount of pay and terms and conditions which are accepted by both the employee and employer. This type of contract lasts one year and is renewed after each year on employment. Temporary-companies use this contract because it saves them a lot of money and time. This type of contact lasts for only a short period of time. Full time- This is when an employee is asked to work more than 35 hours a week, but it depends on the job description. For example: a sales man in ZARA works from day till night for a long period of time. Part time- This is when an employee works for a little amount of hours instead of the whole day. For example: there are to employees doing the same job, one works in the night shift and the other in the day shift. Casual- when a firm is in need of employees, they tend to use this kind of employment contract. This has an advantage and as well as a disadvantage for  the employees as they might have less work to do compared to the other employees but they might not know when they are getting their next job. Zara uses full time employment contracts with their staff. Disciplinary procedures Disciplinary procedures are a set way for an employer to deal with disciplinary issues. They should include a disciplinary hearing where you’re given a chance to explain your side of the story. Grievance procedures This is a problem that could occur between the employee and employer, it is a complaint that they could have against each other for something that either of them has done wrong. Union Membership This is when a group of staff or workers is formed into a labor union. These unions play a big role in the firm as they can talk about issues between each other. An example is when there is a problem with the staffs pay amount of even the working conditions. Codes of behavior This is basically a set of conventional principles that are considered binding on the employer/employee. This is mainly about what is acceptable behavior in the firm. Employee involvement techniques Companies might use these techniques in order to get the staff more involved in decisions being made for the organization. This may also motivate the staff as they would feel they are also part of the firm and not just ordinary staff working there. Membership of work groups Firm’s employers might have groups of employees where all the workers work together. This can be advantageous as the workers might have more ideas in the group. There are different types of work groups in firms, For example: Board groups and work councils Quality Circles Intra-organizational groups Suggestion schemes This helps the employee’s involvement in the organization. Employers make sure that he staff feels like they are part of the firm and that their ideas and suggestions matter. Staffs ideas sometimes make big changes in the organization and benefit them in many ways. To motivate the employees more, the employers give them rewards and prizes to keep them thinking about more and more ideas to improve the company, by doing this, it will motivate employees to work better and harder. How Zara obtains Employee Corporation? The rules, regulations and rights are followed by both the employees and employers in ZARA. ZARA has also explained the disciplinary procedures to the employees and as well as their employers. Employees are involved in the decision makings of ZARA and they are taken into consideration. Working together in work groups also takes place in ZARA. Finally, suggestion schemes are mainly monitored by the firm as this gives each and every employee a chance to share their ideas for ZARA. Devolved authority and responsibility Getting the employees more involved in the firms decision making enables the employees to do better work and be motivated to do it with their maximum capabilities. But this can also be a disadvantage because: The employees would want extra pay if their ideas work and take place in the firm. Employees might get stressed out as they would have more work load on their heads. Open communications This is when there is two way communications in the firm between the employees and the employers. Formal This is when formal communication between the employers and employees happen. For example: the employers are discussing business matters by the use of  presentations or letters or even emails. Informal This kind of communication happens in an informal way between the staff and the employers. An example of this is: when the staff are chatting with their employers when going home, does not necessarily have to be about business but can be just about other matters. Top down This happens when any information about the firm is given from the top (owners or employers) to the bottom (managers and staff). An example of this is: when an important change comes to the business and the information is carried from the owners to the managers. Bottom up This is the opposite of top down, and information is given from the staff and managers to the top owners of the firm. Lateral This is communication which is done between the employees of the business but with those who are at the same level but different sections of the company. Types of communications Communication is basically the transferring of a message from the sender to the receiver, who understands the message. There are 3 ways of communication and these are: Verbal Verbal communication can be face to face talks, telephone calls, video conferencing, meetings, etc. There are both advantages and disadvantages of verbal communication. One advantage is that information is given out quicker. There is also a high chance where the feedbacks is given immediately and not have to wait for it where as in when a meeting is happening the employers are not sure that all the employees are listening or has understood all the information. This could be of an disadvantage for both the employee and the employer. Written Written communication is a type of communication method and may include memos, letters, reports, emails, etc. When communication is written, it can become of evidence in the future if needed. For example: emails that are  sent between the employee and employer can be kept for the future if any problem occur in the future. This type of communication can also be a disadvantage because the same message can be sent to a large number of people at once and all those people might not read the message immediately and therefore a feedback or reply may be given late. Visual Visual communication can be a form of Charts, firms, posters, etc. This kind of communication can be an advantage as this might be a catch to the eye. The disadvantage of this is there might be no feedback immediately and this kind of communication is not used in all firms because the employees might not understand diagrams and charts. These types of communications are used in ZARA. The employees in ZARA would use verbal communication as it is the easiest method and since they deal in customers, it would train them to become more confident when talking face to face and on the phone. Organizational Culture (ethos, values, mission) Organizational culture refers to the values, practices and behaviors that make up a unique and social environment within an organization. This can be expressed in a number of ways, including the ethos of the firm. An ethos is a code of conduct that a firm basically has. This might be set out in a published set of values or a mission statement so that employees, customers and other stakeholder are aware of what the firm believes in and feels is important. National accreditation (Investors in People (IPP) This type of structure is mostly used in businesses so that all the employees in the firm can be involved with the schemes. Investors in people are one of the well-known awards and also known as (IIP). This can be achieved when employees are able to invest on one of the biggest assets- people . This has mainly 3 rules: 1. Plan, which basically means developing strategies to improve performance. 2. Do, which means taking action to improve the performance. 3. Review, which need to be evaluated and used to improve performance too. Charter Mark and International Standards Organization (ISO)) This is a national award which has helped public service firms, For example: public  schools and hospitals, to keep developing and improving their quality of service for customers and this can also be done to involve employees in decision making.

Sepsis Systemic Immune Response Health And Social Care Essay

Sepsis Systemic Immune Response Health And Social Care Essay Sepsis is defined by the clinical signs and symptoms of a systemic immune response to infection. (1-2) Currently, sepsis on a worldwide level creates a significant level of mortality; and results in approximately one third of all Intensive Care admissions. (3-5) In Victoria alone there are approximately 8500 admissions to Emergency Departments with patients suffering from sepsis (3) and this number is increasing. Sepsis treatment can be initiated with a broad spectrum antibiotic, and then transferred onto a specific antibiotic regimen. Currently the level of pre hospital data available on the management of sepsis is very limited and the most advanced model has been initiated in the United Kingdom; including a pre hospital screening tool and then the hospital management known as the Sepsis six. (6) Pre hospital management can be utilised to the full potential of paramedics training and knowledge with the administration of pre hospital antibiotics; however this is not without risk. Per haps the resistance to hand over the authority to paramedics in the United States is the notion of creating a super bug; similar to Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures. This paper proposes that the administration of antibiotics in the pre hospital field does carry some risk, but the research suggest that the benefits clearly outweigh these risks. A new pre hospital guideline must be created due to the sheer number of Emergency Department admissions. The potential to make a significant difference to a patients outcome is imperative. Epidemiology It has been highly researched and reported across the world that sepsis is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and places an enormous financial burden on the respective health system. (2, 5, 7) Statistics from Australia, United States and the United Kingdom are similar in nature and provide a wealth of information regarding the epidemiology of sepsis. Sepsis in the United States has been recognised as a public health issue, (8) with studies reporting that there are 300 reported cases per 100,000 with approximately 40% mortality. (5, 7-9) Severe sepsis in the United kingdom accounts for 27% of Intensive Care Unit admissions (4) and this is comparable with 23.8% of Intensive Care admissions in Victoria, Australia. (3) However it may be noted that this data is not very recent and that in the time of study the incidence was increasing by approximately 9% per year; whilst also reporting a decrease in the number of deaths associated with sepsis from approximately 45% to 37.7%. (5, 7, 9) Whilst many studies report the number of admissions, few report the age distribution of patients presenting with sepsis. Sundararajan et. al. highlight that the age distribution within their study was bimodal which identified that the age brackets at the extremes of the spectrum were over represented; with children less than 1 and adults in the 70-79 age bracket. (3) Upon further investigation into the types of causative pathology causing sepsis in these patients; gram positive organisms account for 28%, gram negative for 20%, fungal infections 2% and other organisms for 49%. (3) These figures are comparable with a study conducted by MacArthur et. al. of approximately 2634 patients with approximately 30% identified as gram positive and 26% gram negative bacteria. (10) Pathophysiology and clinical features What is Sepsis? Sepsis is an infection induced syndrome and the clinical appearance in nature is the consequences of cellular interactions between the host and invading pathogen. (2, 11-12) Sepsis may be initialised by prolonged local inflammation to eliminate and clear the invading pathogen. The second line of defence against invading pathogens involves the production and activation of leukocytes at the local site of infection. (13-14) Throughout this phase, immune cells identify the pathogen through pattern recognition protein receptors on the cells. (15) An example of one of these receptors are toll like receptors and these are among the recognition receptors which have the ability to activate immune cells, inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by the stimulation with bacteria and viral proteins (depending on the infection). (15-16) The invading pathogen may initiate the complement pathway of the immune system, allowing leukocytes to phagocytose [digest] the pathoge n. If the host fails to limit the invading pathogen to a local area, the pathogen may invade the bloodstream. (16) If phagocytosis continues in the blood stream, toxic substances released by the pathogen may leak directly into the bloodstream; these include endotoxins released by gram negative bacteria (17) and lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan released by gram positive bacteria. (18) These by-products of phagocytosis and death of the cell may trigger a systemic activation of the complement system and stimulate the production of inflammatory cytokines. (19) Subsequently leading to an increased excessive and prolonged inflammatory response. (20) The result of this prolonged response leads to Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) which is the result of either direct or indirectly through the production and activation of nitrous oxide, oxidants and proteolytic enzymes which is known to have the potential to lead to inflammation induced organ injury. An example of this would be Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. (16, 20) SIRS is characterised by two or more of the following: body temperature >38Â °C or 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate >20 per minute or arterial CO2 >32mmhg or a need for artificial ventilation, and white blood count greater than 12,000/mm3 or 10% immature forms. (21) SIRS can be also initiated not only by infection, it may also develop as a result of trauma, ischemic injury or sterile inflammation. (22) What is severe sepsis? If SIRS is left untreated, this response then cascades into what is known as severe sepsis. Severe sepsis is defined as sepsis associated with organ dysfunction, hypoperfusion or hypotension responsive to fluid resuscitation. (23) This can progress to septic shock, which involves persistent hypotension unresponsive to fluid administration. (23) An example of severe sepsis is called Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS). This occurs when the infection of the bloodstream leads to progressive failure of two or more organ systems which result from a prolonged and uncontrolled inflammatory response. This organ dysfunction can lead to potential organ failure and death. (19) Analyse evidence relating to the prehospital management of sepsis to identify risks and benefits of paramedic-initiated antibiotic therapy; Sibley and Sibley (23) suggest that if Emergency Medical Services (EMS) or Paramedics have a patient suffering from suspected sepsis, that they must be managed with oxygen therapy, well documented vital signs and IV access to initiate fluid resuscitation. (24) The goal for EMS is to maintain systolic blood pressure just above 90mm Hg, with a Mean arterial pressure of 65mm Hg as any higher has the potential to worsen cardiac output, with adverse reactions. (24-26) Other studies support the notion of maintaining Mean arterial pressure at 65mm Hg as there is no clinical benefit to increasing this value higher. (27-28) Sibley and Sibley (23) contradict many other studies which suggest that early empiric antibiotic treatment of patients suspected of having sepsis is a standard practice; and the earlier treatment is initiated, the more positive the outcome. (2, 6, 8, 10, 16, 25, 29-30) Empirical antibiotic treatment is the use of a broad spectrum antibiotic whilst therapeutic treatment with antibiotics is the initiation of antibiotic treatment after blood cultures are taken and the specific pathogen is identified. (31) Whilst empirical antibiotic treatment in the management of sepsis may be the initial drug of choice, it is in the patients best interest that appropriate antibiotic therapy is continued within the hospital. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is defined as the use of an antimicrobial agent that is correct on the basis of all available clinical, pharmacological and microbiological evidence. (32) With respect to the pre-hospital administration of antibiotic therapy, a recent study concluded that, if a patient is suffering septic shock, with each hour of delay in antibiotic administration after the onset of hypotension was associated with an average decrease in survival of approximately 8%. (33) However, a potential problem with empirical antibiotic treatmen t is that because sepsis is not the result of a single pathogen, the use of empirical antibiotics may not cover the pathogen causing the disease or illness. Broad spectrum antibiotics may bide time until blood cultures and appropriate testing can be done within a hospital setting. The current research suggests that the antibiotic selection used to treat conditions such as sepsis has a profound impact on patient outcomes (34) and this is also the case with inadequate antibiotic therapy, where the invading pathogen is not being effectively treated. (31) With regard to the empirical treatment, there are many different forms of pathogens that can cause sepsis, including Staphylococcus aures, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (10) With this in mind, the aforementioned figures that roughly 28% of septic patients are caused by a gram stain positive, and 20% of patients are gram stain negative, and the rest being approximately 52% (3, 10), the notion is that broad spectrum antibiotics may not cover these specific pathogens, therefore rendering treatment useless. Potentially this could l ead to a negative or adverse outcome. An International Initiative, the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (30, 35) and the Critical Care Community in the United Kingdom (6) initially concentrated on educating emergency department staff to promote the introduction of management of sepsis known as Early Goal Directed Therapy. Upon review, poor implementation of this initiative and resuscitation lead the education staff involved to a move to target the staff working in areas outside of the emergency department, including the implementation of an operationalised resuscitation management plan referred to as the Sepsis Six. The Sepsis Six involves the administration of high flow oxygen, blood cultures, IV antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, measure serum lactate and haemoglobin and the insertion of a urinary catheter to measure urine output. The Sepsis Six can be implemented by hospital staff with different skill sets in the first hour following the diagnosis of sepsis and can make a significant contribution to decreasing mortality. (6) With respect to the rationale of the Sepsis Six Robson et. al. proposes that components of this treatment can be initiated pre hospital, and interestingly, the authors also highlight that pre hospital sepsis care is unusual, but pre hospital cardiac care is common. The question remains as to why that is. Given that all the literature available suggests that there is a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality associated with early antibiotic treatment. Within Ambulance Victoria, the current management for the treatment of severe sepsis has not been established. Only a guideline is specifically written for meningococcal septicaemia which allows paramedics to administer Ceftriaxone in the pre hospital field in the suspected case of meningococcal septicaemia. (36) Walker (37) proposes that in the year 2003, meningococcal disease affected approximately 500 Australians with approximately 100 of these cases presenting in Victoria. It would seem logical that an appropriate guideline is established for sepsis and severe sepsis based on the available data from Sundararajan et. al. (3) which suggest within a 4 year time frame, approximately 34,000 admissions to hospital were identified as suffering from sepsis. However, it must be recognised that this only accounts for 1.1% of the total number of admissions to Victorian emergency departments. (3) This is considerably more hospital admissions when compared with meningococcal septicaemia, with similar, if not more deadly consequences. Perhaps the thought of utilising empirical antibiotic therapy causing a super bug with sepsis is debateable. Whilst many studies report that Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures is developed within the hospital system (38) rather than the community based setting; this attitude is changing with larger numbers of community acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures being reported, (39) with an estimated 50% of the population being a carrier of the bacteria. (40) The concern of doctors and other health professionals to the thought of initiating treatment with an empirical antibiotic may be a result of previous dealings with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aures has evolved and mutated to be come resistant over generations with different strains of antibiotic that were initially effective at eliminating the bacterial pathogen. (41) The thought that exposing such a broad spectrum antibiotic; for example ceftriaxone, (a cephal osporin antibiotic) is that the exposure of a drug like this may potentially initiate a genetic mutation in potentially a wide spread of different strains of pathogens. Many studies have investigated the use of empirical antibiotics and also the possibility of not only one pathogen causing disease, therefore developing an appropriate antibiotic regime. This makes logical sense however, with consideration to the potential to cause a genetic mutation, exposing a pathogen to several antibiotics may have the potential to produce a resistant strain to not only one antibiotic, but several. The surprising news is that these studies have proven to have little or no extra effect in reducing mortality. (42-43) Walker (37) proposes that the administration of pre hospital antibiotics by paramedics does have the potential for complications, including adverse reactions such as anaphylaxis and vasomotor collapse. However, the risk of antibiotic administration is no different to the administration of any other drug, with potential side effects and adverse reactions specific to individual patients. Synthesise recommendations for paramedic management of sepsis based on available evidence. Pre hospital data available on the treatment and management of septic patients are scarce. It is evident that more research needs to be undertaken in order to correctly identify septic patients and initiate early treatment. However the question remains as to whether data will ever be available due to the potential adverse reactions and the ethical dilemmas surrounding the prospective withholding of treatment to patients. The data that is available suggest that paramedics can make a difference in the potential outcomes of these patients. A mortality rate of close to 40% is unacceptable. It is proposed that paramedics undertake a similar model to the Sepsis Six with an available pre hospital screening tool; similar to what the United Kingdom propose. This involves the identification of systemic involvement of the immune system by utilising the classification for SIRS; whilst using this in conjunction with history of a new infection. Taking both of these into consideration, persistent h ypotension, low oxygen saturation and lack of urine output classifies pre hospital patients as suffering from severe sepsis. (6) Paramedics are an integral part of the health care team and within the United States they are being overlooked and potential skills are being disregarded and this is still not understood when the literature suggest that early treatment does make a difference in outcomes. With regard to the early administration of antibiotics, not all patients will call at the onset of symptoms. Many will wait until the condition is unbearable or they feel like they are deteriorating, therefore it is important that empirical antibiotic therapy is undertaken at the earliest opportunity. From the available literature; the United Kingdoms model is the gold standard in terms of pre hospital screening and management of sepsis. Paramedics are highly trained health professionals and are able to manage septic patients accordingly, and as previously mentioned, the sepsis six involves high flow oxygen, blood cultures, IV antibiotics, fluid resuscitation, measured serum lactate and haemoglobin and urinary catheter and measure urine output. This paper does not propose that paramedics undertake all of the treatment outlined, but instead have the ability to initiate oxygen therapy, deliver intravenous fluid and antibiotics; and potentially have the ability to take blood cultures to hand over to the hospital. However, it must be emphasised that extra on scene time to complete these assessments and treatment must be taken into consideration as well as how long till the nearest hospital. Also important to note that paramedics must notify a receiving hospital so that the hospital ca n appropriately triage (44) and utilise the pre hospital taking of blood in the commencement of faster treatment and provide the ability to initiate an appropriate antibiotic regime. Perhaps a review of the current guideline in Victoria is needed to extend the scope of paramedic practice to screen for potential septic patients, as the literature suggest that this current proportion of patients are exponentionally increasing. However; it may be easy to speculate changes that need to be made to the system, and this will take time and money. Walker (37) proposes from a management perspective there are significant costs associated with the antibiotics, training and assessment and ongoing replacement of antibiotics on all vehicles. Therefore it is imperative to continue research and therefore implement a new guideline into ambulance practice; which will benefit the health of all invested parties. The early recognition and management of sepsis has implications on potential patient outcome. Sepsis has an extremely high mortality associated with it and as mentioned previously the sooner antibiotics can be administered; the rapid decrease in patient morbidity and mortality. With respect to the high numbers of presentations to Victorian emergency departments and intensive care admissions; this is mirrored throughout the world. One of the important points to understand that the admissions to intensive care can be avoided if sepsis is recognised earlier and paramedics may have a significant impact on the recognition and administration of antibiotics, as septic patients have the potential to be very unwell. The financial burden on the health system is enormous with one study speculating that the United States approximate spend on sepsis alone to be sixteen billion dollars. (2, 7) Data is unavailable from Victoria and Australia; however the costs associated with providing antibiotics for the management of sepsis will cost less than treating in an Intensive Care Unit. Conclusion One of the main recurring themes throughout this paper is that sepsis and severe sepsis have a high association with morbidity and mortality, even though the number of presentations have increased. The point needs to be emphasised that current management is not good enough. The research within hospitals is evident, that early antibiotic treatment of patients suffering from sepsis has profound effects on survival and recovery. Paramedics are potentially the first line of health care workers exposed to patients suffering severe sepsis and have the ability to act with broad spectrum antibiotics. Within Victoria, ambulances already carry Ceftriaxone; an example of a broad spectrum antibiotic. A guideline specific to sepsis needs to be developed and implemented in the pre hospital field, potentially on the basis of the United Kingdoms model of recognising severe sepsis. The cost benefit analysis of implementing a new guideline, with the possible administration of antibiotics to more patie nts would severely outweigh the costs associated with an admission to an intensive care facility. The notion of taking pre hospital blood and notifying a receiving hospital of the potential septic patient may initiate appropriate treatment faster. Paramedics have the ability to make a difference with this time critical patient.

Probability Theory Statistics :: essays research papers

The Collier Encyclopedia’s definition for probability is the concern for events that are not certain and the reasonableness of one expectation over another. These expectations are usually based on some facts about past events or what is known as statistics. Collier describes statistics to be the science of the classification and manipulation of data in order to draw inferences. Inferences here can be read to mean expectations, leading to the conclusion that the two go hand in hand in accomplishing what mankind has tried to accomplish since the beginning of time – predicting the future. It is the notion of science that this is the most accurate way to predict events yet to occur and this has lead to it being the most widely accepted “fortune telling'; tool in the world today. Probability and Statistics most widespread use is in the arena of gambling. Gambling is big all over the world and lots of money is won and lost with their aid. In horse racing especially the statistics of a horse in terms of its physical condition and winning history sway numbers of persons into believing that the mathematical evidence that is derived can actually be a good indicator of a race’s outcome. Usually it is if the odds or probability are great in favor of the desired outcome. However the future is uncertain and races can turn out any of a number of different ways. The field of medicine is another high subscriber to this forecasting technique. Potential diagnoses are frequently made based on a patient’s history or that of his ancestors and the calculated likelihood of him/her acquiring certain conditions. Statistics and probability aid in the decision making process of which test may be required for a given symptom and how a possible outbreak may be detected and contained. Strategies for isolating and dealing with diseases are often made with the aid of statistics on the percentage of a population that may have been infected and the probability of its escalation. The weather forecasters use probability and statistics just as much if not more than any other field on earth. As weather patterns are not fully understood and are dynamic, analysts have to rely heavily on past weather systems and patterns to “guess'; or estimate the possibility of present weather systems to behave in similar manners. If the probability of its behavior, subject to certain factors, in one manner over another is high forecasters make decisions as to how to advise the public.

Econimic Research :: essays papers

Econimic Research 1. During the 1960's, The Soviet economy may have been growing at a rate of growth much faster that the West, but the Soviet GDP would have provided a poor statistic for determining the welfare of the soviet people for several reasons. The first reason that GDP would be obsolete for determining the welfare of the people is that during the 1960's, the Soviet Union was in fact Communist, so the people were only allotted whatever property or privilege the government would allow, so there was no "free market" on which goods could be bought and sold by anyone. It is also of interest to know that during the 1960's and early 70's, the USSR did lead the world in a few industries(forestry, mining), but with such a larger labor force than the US, the GDP per capita would, all other things being equal (ceteris paribus), show that growth could have occurred solely due to larger population. 2. If the Instructor were to choose a fixed rate, he would hope that inflation would increase, so that he would be paying back money that has a lower purchasing power than the original principal amount the instructor would have financed, (just as in the scenario He had given about his Father in Maryland, and his mortgage held with the sinister bank who detests the fact that your Father has a fixed rate mortgage and pays around $300 a month). If our Instructor chose the adjustable rate, the instructor would think that inflation would decrease, and would also hope that interest rates would decrease as well. Since Alan Greenspan is somewhat unpredictable, I would advise the instructor to refinance for a fixed rate once interest rates take a turn for the better, so that it would be locked in at the lowest going rate available. 3. Changes in Production by Black Death(Bubonic Plague) in Medieval Times Land Land Labor(pre-Plague) Labor(post-Plague) B. Wages for the workers would increase due to the decrease in labor pools caused by death. C. The surviving workers benefited from this disaster due to the increase in wages available due to the untimely death of so many. The wealthy landowners would have been overall harmed by the loss in manual labor, which caused less productivity and yet higher wages could be demanded by the surviving workers out of necessity for needed labor, while the rental(capital) rate of the land decreased according to the isoquant.

Methods for Maintaining Order in International Society Essay examples -

Methods for Maintaining Order in International Society    We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. The Declaration of Independence of the United States at its outset declares the collective goals that we Americans share as a society and the means by which these goals shall be defended. In the United States, we are interested in the well-being of individual Americans, and believe that everyone is equal and should have the right to â€Å"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.† Moreover, governments are instituted at the federal1, state, and local level to defend these rights. Like American society, the international society of sovereign states has goals that it seeks to accentuate. According to Hedley Bull, author of The Anarchical Society, there are four such primary goals. The first, Bull states, is to preserve â€Å"the system and society† of sovereign states itself (Bull 16). Secondary to this is preservation of the sovereignty of individual states, followed in importance by maintenance of peace as a normal state of affairs (17-18). Lastly, the society seeks goals that Bull claims are â€Å"common goals of all social life: limitation of violence resulting in death or bodily harm, the keeping of promises, and the stabilization of possession by rules of property† (18-19). Like American society, the international society has common goals that its members seek to attain. But unlike the United States, the Westphalian system does not have... ...7. Claude, Inis L., Jr. â€Å"Collective Security as an Approach to Peace.† Classical Readings of International Relations. Ed. Phil Williams, Donald M. Goldstein, and Jay M. Shafritz. Belmont [CA]: Wadsworth, 1994. 210-220. The Declaration of Independence. Philadelphia: 1776. Kegley, Charles W., Jr. and Eugene R. Wittkopf. World Politics: Trend and Transformation. 6th ed. New York: St. Martin’s, 1996. Organski, A.F.K. â€Å"Criticism of Balance of Power Theory.† Classical Readings of International Relations. Ed. Phil Williams, Donald M. Goldstein, and Jay M. Shafritz. Belmont [CA]: Wadsworth, 1994. 206-209. Pentland, Charles. â€Å"International Organizations and Their Roles.† Coursepack article. Fall Semester 1996: MC 220. Ed. Mohammed Ayoob. East Lansing: Budget Printing, 1996. 96-99. Stern, Geoffrey. The Structure of International Relations. New York: Pinter, 1995.

Beowulf and Spider Man Compare and Contrast

Beowulf is an ancient hero who became a king in pursuit of doing his majestic role in protecting the people against monsters that might harm them. On the other hand, Spider Man is a modern day hero, who not more than a newspaper photographer in a person of Peter Parker, who, in performing his goal of saving lives and protecting the people wear a costume in order to hide his real identity. That is not in the case of Beowulf. He does have to wear costume nor hide his real identity.With all his valor, he faces the enemy with courage using his bare hands or classical lethal weapons like sword and shield. The same courage can be found in Spider Man whenever he fights an opponent. But he does not use a sword nor shield to do so.What he is using is his special ability to crawl on walls and buildings like a spider. Within long distances, he is also aided with his highly sophisticated web-shooter that he uses to swing from one building to another. He also uses it to capture or disarm the enem y.Beowulf kills his enemy but Spider Man does not have the intention to do so. As a modern day hero, he tends to be a protector of life, with the desire of only capturing the enemy without killing. What he wants is to stop the enemy from doing troubles and harm to the citizen and to finally deliver the nuisance to the authority.In the case of Beuwolf, since his enemy are not humans, with the real intention of just putting people to death and destruction, that neither human laws nor authority can stop, what he does is to fight them to death.You can imagine the scenario when Spider Man would just capture or disarm an enemy while Beowulf is swinging his sword during his bloody heroic encounters, breaking the monsters limbs, or beheading them.You can find almost the same courage in them, but their fighting principle would just differ in terms of how they treat their opponents. During modern day, it would be more rational to put the social nuisance and the enemy of the citizen in the han d of the police or government.Beowulf would not look for soldiers nor authorities to turnover the capture. He would kill it. The people would be more happy if as a hero they may find him putting an end to the life of those monsters and dragons.That might be the difference why Spider does not decide to kill his opponent’s life. He took the idea of a hero that maintains peace and order, an extended arm of the authority and a helper to the society, without the goal of putting one’s life to death. However, their intention only remains the same, maintenance of peace and order.Regarding personal characteristics and attributes, Beouwulf mingled with people normally first as their hero and later their king whom the people extend awe and respect. Comparatively, Spider Man do not. His normal life lies on the fact that he has to live as an ordinary photographer, a lover Mary Jane, a nephew to his aunt and will soon become a super hero only during times of troubles. People know th at they live with Peter Parker everyday and everynight, but they did not have the slight idea that that clumsy Peter Parker is the ever clever Spider Man.Both of them uses the most advance technology of their time. Sword and shield for Beowulf, scientifically accumulated spider skills and sophisticated webshooter for Spider Man. In comparison, they perform their deeds using the best of their time.In contrast, Beowulf intend the sword and shield to kill the enemy, but Spider Man use his spider senses and webshooter merely to defend himself from the attack and to induce a non-fatal attack against any person that might bring the citizen to unsecured danger.

Devil in a Blue Dress

Although the main character Ezekial ( substanti completelyy- gain) Rawlins is not a licensed confidential detective, he is given the opportunity to work as if he were genius. At the end of the go for he writes to a title-holder whom he tells he has had a couple of additional cases as well as the wiz have in the prevail. As one business aceer expect this leads to to a greater extent mysteries to solve. Currently thither well-nigh eight sequels to Devil in a naughty Dress. The series is commonplace and lead astrays well. The story is set in Watts, one of the poorer and primarily d give birth in the mouth sections of Los Angeles, in 1948. comfort up to(p) Rawlins is a pitch-black struggle veteran.During the war he initially worked as a typist beca put on black soldiers were segregate from the white soldiers and commonly put in non armed struggleant positions. Rawlins volunteers for combat where he participates in D-Day and later fights in General Pattons tank corp. Until just in the first place the book begins golden has worked in an airplane existencehoodufacturing plant. After an argument with his foreman, gentle walks off the job and is fired. light Rawlins is the main character. He is a prodigious, tough black man originally from Houston, Texas. He mistrusts white pot in general and white constabularymen in particular.He lives pretty much hand to let the cat out of the bag except that he has managed to obtain a mortgage and buy a house. act to pay his monthly mortgage is a hot deal a struggle and is a need factor for his actions later in the book. wakeful is extremely proud of his house with its result trees, flowers and yard. He cargons for it so much that at times through with(predicate)out the book when it is suggested he avoid physical attack by leaving the area he refuses because he wont leave his stead behind. Despite his feelings about white multitude and his frequent confrontations with wildness, abstemious i s a really likeable man. He has an eye toward the ladies and they often reciprocate.When the book opens lite has zip to do since he illogical his job the previous day. He visits an misbranded bar located near his home and run by a protagonist of his, an ex-heavyweight fighter secernd Joppy. The bar is located above a meat store and evermore stinks of meat. Since Joppy has a checkered past regarding encounters with the equity and because the room above the meat warehouse would never be approved by a health inspect, Joppy doesnt have a license, he buys stolen liquor that has been high jacked from trucks to sell to his patrons and the bar has no license, the bar doesnt formally exist.In fact much of the world Easy occupies doesnt exists in the eye of the law. The world is respectable of jazz, cigarettes, alcohol and violence. At the bar Joppy introduces Easy to a white man, DeWitt Albright. Albright is an old friend of Joppys and he ineluctably someone to reign a white wo man named Daphne Monet. He offers Easy one hundred dollars to rein Monet and to tell him where she is. Albright claims he needs Easy to manner for Monet because she has been seen in clubs con spatial relationred to be black night clubs and a white man asking questions, no matter how tough, would be unlikely to get the information he sought big businessman even be killed.Since Easy is well-known and well-liked in the biotic community Albright believes he will be more successful in find escape Monet. Although Easy suspects that Albright is a gangster or some former(a) type of rhythm and probably rattling dangerous, he needs the capital to pay his mortgage and fills the job. thusly begins Easys journey through Watts, East L. A. , Santa Monica and other cities in the L. A. area. During that time Easy is arrested for writ of execution and beaten by the white police.He is be with numerous guns, attacked with a knife, acc employ of messing with one of his friends woman and vis ited by a sec friend with who he shares a twist past. Despite the above named adventures, Easy has wee difficulty finding Daphne Monet. His reaction to her is typically male and he would consider full-grown up everything to be with her. Besides Easy, a variety of characters appear. Easy seems to know every consistency and has a past with them. Some of these much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Coretta, who has an eye for men, appear briefly and are used by Mosley as victims of murder. but two characters deserve more mention. mouse is a man without a conscience and a good deal of skill with both a knife and a gun. ane cant describe him as immoral because he has no ethical standards to break. He is amoral. He doesnt understand morality and it plays no enjoyment in his life. Given complete want, i. e. , money, snarf would kill anyone without hesitation or self-reproach after the fact. Mouse is a good man to have on your side in violent situations, but he needs to be closely wa tched to pull certain he doesnt suddenly turn on his friends and change side should it be to his personal advantage to do so.It is large through Mouses skills with guns and a proclivity toward violence that East survives the case. Daphne Monet is a fantasy woman. She plays the place men want her to play and has well- deal to work men so well that she gets what she wants when she wants. She is physically small, beautiful, has a sensuous body with doe-like eyes that can melt a mans heart while exciting him with the misfortune of a sexual relationship. She knows how to use all her charms to get what she wants and rarely hesitates to make use of them.She is out for herself and will likely do whatever it takes to get what she wants. Daphne Monet is an alias for scarlet Hanks, although she passes for white, she is a light skinned black woman from Lake Charles, Louisiana who like so more of the characters in the book has a past with Easy. Throughout the book Rawlins fails to recogniz e Rube when he meets Daphne because she has grown up and out since he last maxim her when she was a child.. Unlike Mouse Daphne Monet has a conscience and an awareness of what is right or wrong, however she probably wouldnt hesitate to do wrong should the situation call for it.Money is her motivation and one wonders if Mosley used the last name Monet because of its similarity to the word money, a driving force in here life. The horror that starts all of the violence and killing is Daphnes thieving $30,000 from Albright. Naturally he wants it back. Throughout the novel Daphne uses Easy to avoid being killed and to stay on the money she as stolen. Ultimately she is successful. Daphne, Mouse and easy keep the money, Albright, among others, is dead. Rawlins is satisfied at the end of the book. Although thither are wind of crimes left hanging, Easy is satisfied.He has settled things to his own standards and couldnt care less if the white police still have crimes to solve. Mosleys b ook provides a well plot of groundted scenario with a very likeable main character. Typically private detectives are white males. Using a black man as a detective and revealing events to the reviewer through his eyes is an fire device. Easy Rawlins has been handle as an inferior all of his life by white people. Easy Rawlins is a man with faults. He has prejudices that are perceivable and provide a more travel character.He is a believable multi-dimensional character that does not fall prey to the many stereotypes many writers of detective stories use. Easy Rawlins is neither such an all bad person that he is unbelievable nor is he so gross(a) and good so that he appears insipid. The plot of Devil in a secular Dress is quite a plausible. There was never a doubt that most of the events such as those happening in the book could and did occur. The only difficult part to accept is that the main characters were able to divide the money evenly and each of them keep their $10,000 sha re.It appears more likely that someone else would show up looking for the money. However, a willing intermission of disbelief easily remedies this small issue. The commentary of the location and time period appears to be historically accurate. Mosley is aware of historical facts and provides explanations for those things that might appear to be inaccurate. For example, because the military was segregated by race during World contend II, most blacks did not serve in combat. Mosley deals with this by recognizing that blacks could serve in combat if they volunteered to do so.It is interesting to note that at the time when the novel takes place there are truck farms growing artichokes, strawberries, and lettuce among downtown L. A. and Santa Monica. Today there is nothing to separate L. A. from Santa Monica except a constrict announcing the city limits of Santa Monica. Roads that are great and well-traveled today are little used roads in the coun examine. The book is very readable and interesting. It is interesting to read a detective novel from the point of behold of a black man.His opinions of white people are largely negative and base on the events in the novel, correct. Easy was interesting and likeable. Daphne Monet was an exciting, sexy woman written to perplex attraction and lust for male reviewers. The tempo was good and added to the suspense. At times the prose seems to lead the reader, subtly suggesting the reader continue to read and to read faster and faster. Devil in a Blue Dress appears to be authentic not only in its historicity, but in the way it feels and the aura Mosley creates.While reading the box the reader is able to assume the persona of Easy Rawlings and look at events through his eyes. One of the crush features of Mosleys book is that he uses language and equipment casualty that would have been used in 1948. Easy thinks of himself as a Negro, not as a black or Afro-American or some other recently developed politically correc t term. This is pleasant given the extreme attention to political correctness today. It is irritating when people try to rewrite history by pretence that political corrects extends eternally to the past.Over all, Devil in a Blue Dress is quite a good book. Easy Rawlins is a believable character and interesting character. He provides a point of view to the reader that is unusual if not unique. One wonders if Daphne/ crimson is really The Devil in a Blue Dress as she is make out to be. For the male characters in the book and to men reading the book she is unimpeachably an angel. The plot is intriguing and intricate enough to engage the reader and to encourage the reader to read the other books in the series. full treatment Cited Mosley, Walter. Devil in a Blue Dress. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 1990.

Cera Sanitaryware Ltd

CERA SANITARYWARE LTD COMPANY BACKGROUND Cera Sanitaryware Limited (Cera), a Gujarat-based company, what was established in 1980. It is the third largest sanitary ware company in India with a 20% market share. Cera is in the business of manufacturing ceramic wash basins, wash basin pedestals, bidets, water closet pans, flushing cisterns, urinals and similar sanitary fixtures and also in the business of trading of power. Its sanitaryware manufacturing plant is located at Kadi in Gujarat.It what does not have any material subsidiary.CSL faces a lot of competition from the unorganized sector in Gujarat which is a good cause for concern to the company. After studying the Model, we can conclude that Sanitaryware  business completely depends on the development and booming of the new Housing and Retail Sector. Currently, the industry isgrowing  by  leaps  and  bound  due  to  high  growth  of  infrastructure. In near future, the great phase of consolidation free wi ll start.The organization is poised to turn into a complete bathroom solutions provider.

†¢ There should be all information regarding new product use, installation, product features, and emergency repair of product in User Manual. †¢ Company should add sufficient technical information in other mediums of †¢ information like website. So potential customer can use alternate way for †¢ information. †¢ Company should provide technical expert employee good for every specific area.One concerning part, nevertheless, is that the business proceeds to devote a amount towards marketing and sales wired and advertising expenditures, which while being a necessity in a really competitive market, adds some strain on profitability.Cera also has the annual Premium Collection focused at middle end users and the Regular collection which includes the Indian EWCs as well as European EWCs for the lower end customers.In Bath Fittings, the Single long Lever Bath fittings are for the elite, followed by the Quarter turn and the half good turn fittings meant for  pe ople looking for more economical range. 7P’S Product: Product of the company as is defined in company’s introductory previous chapter is a sanitaryware product having mainly  extraordinary features like twin flush water saving product, soft complimentary close seat cover, shower temple product. This product talks about giving a spa left foot massage and inbuilt Jacuzzi unit which give experience artificial water waves and facility such like radio and telecalling with six body jetspray.By appearing elsewhere you may locate an incredible investment.

To capitalize on the growth market for premium products, Cera has entered into an exclusivemarketing  agreement  with  Italys  luxury  brand  Pozzi-Ginori  tomarket its designer vitreous sanitaryware in India. Promotion: Cera sanitaryware ltd. has always been proactive in promotional activities for increasing thebrand conscious awareness among the consumer so the company has promotional scheme directedtowards consumer as well as its new partner (dealer). Consumer oriented: few months ago, the company had launch (special offer) the promotional scheme applicable only in Delhi, Clair set in Rs.Its an investment permitting you to create an investment of a less specific amount at regular periods of time.employees need to be highly trained and qualified. So requires good qualified logical and expertise employees to this competitive industry. Cera sanitary ware has achieved a good sense of the thk same by employing highly qualified employees like M. B.Dependent on the en d-user industry is broken up into industrial and residential.

Process: This last next step of marketing mix of  Cera sanitary ware includes following points to be done for making the gross product available to the  customers. †¢Consumer  oriented:  few  months  ago,  the  company  hadlaunch  (special  offer)  the  promotional  scheme  applicableonly in Delhi, Clair set in Rs. 3999/- for only one month. Partner  oriented:  gold  scheme,  silver  scheme  and  foreigntravel scheme.Its other possible to get any of the brands mentioned before.†¢These all documents are then submitted to Head Office at Ahmedabad. †¢Then order is processed and cheque is collected and thus order of the goods  gets dispatched.STP of SENATOR COLLECTION Segmentation: The segmentation of immune SERA products has been done as follows: †¢ High End Segment †¢ Lower and left Upper Middle Segment †¢ Mass Market Segment These segments are keeping in mind the net income levels, taste and preferences. Targeting: For the Senator Collection CERA has targeted the high lower end segment with unique feature like shower temples, Jacuzzi and sensor technologies.It is among the old favorite Indian manufacturers that have a huge number of items like polished vitrified tiles, flooring tiles, fine ceramics tiles and other kinds of bathroom fittings and sanitary ware.

The switching cost is very low. Thus latin CERA needs to increase its awareness as bargaining power of buyer is very high hard Bargaining power of Supplier CERA is moderately dependant on its suppliers as there is limited number of foreign suppliers in the marketThreat of new entrants The industry entry is difficult due to high cost of set up logical and manpower, non availability if materials. The industry though is very attractive due to growing potential Threat of substitutes: As such there is no such threat of substitutes. Appendice 1 SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS: †¢ India’s first to use natural gas firing.A number of the goods are a worthy add-on to a home.Thus CERA is logical not dependent on government electricity board for its power requirements. Others will give take a long time to catch up. Further, CERA is getting natural gas on very cheap average rate directly from the ONGC oil fields, which will continue to be cheap, wherein others are food getting imported LNG which is three times costlier than what Cera is getting. †¢ India’s first to launch twin flushtechnology ; 4 high liters flush WC.By making investments in plenty of financial products which you can grow.

†¢ Wide product range. Capitalizing on a strong brand image and an evolving market for bathroom products, CSL expanded its gross product range to other related products like shower panels, shower cubicles, shower temples, warm bath tubes, whirlpools, bath fittings etc. , which makes it a total bathroom solutions provider. †¢ Huge distribution network.It includes the markets SWOT analysis.†¢ The company has only one manufacturing plant at Kadi, Gujarat. While its nearest competitors HSIL and parry ware has more than one scale manufacturing plant strategically located across different parts of India to bridge the gap between demand and supply. †¢ Large unorganized existence. †¢ Low R;D for product innovation.Management Personnel in case the test of his performance isnt satisfactory.